The Winterfell Huis Clos

THE PANDER




Mance Rayder is mentioned as early as the first chapter of the first book, second paragraph, with the deserter story:
The man had been taken outside a small holdfast in the hills. Robb thought he was a wildling, his sword sworn to Mance Rayder, the King beyond-the-Wall.
(Bran I, AGoT)

When we finally met the king, two full books later, we were surprised, just like Jon Snow, to come across a brilliant anarchist.
My birth is as low as a man’s can get, no septon’s ever smeared my head with oils, I don’t own any castles, and my queen wears furs and amber, not silk and sapphires. I am my own champion, my own fool, and my own harpist. You don’t become King-beyond-the-Wall because your father was.
(Jon X, ASoS)

GRRM has made us mistrust our expectations as readers and our affections for the characters of the story. But how not to admire a generous nature who has never learned to obey?

Given that society in the Seven Kingdoms is based on a hierarchy of obediences, what did Mance envisage for the Free Folk south of the Wall? I suppose that Mance was not merely an utopian, like the Brothers without Banners seemed perilously close to be at times.

Under all his guises, Mance is always a trickster. Whether he disappointed as such in Winterfell is one of our central objects of investigation.

In one of the most curious of his many aspects, Mance's life seemed to follow the same archetype than Prince Rhaegar's. Perhaps, instead of the hell where they have been consigned, the proponents of the notion that Mance is Rhaegar should be given some sort of special place in purgatory.



Contents
  1. The Wildling
  2. The Crow
  3. The Deserter
  4. The Bard
  5. The King-beyond-the-Wall
  6. Elks and Ravens
  7. Dalla, and Val
  8. The Frostfangs and the Horn of Joramun
  9. The Conqueror
  10. Aemon Steelsong
  11. The Offering to R'hllor
  12. The Lord of Bones
  13. The Tale of Red and Black
  14. Bael the Bard
  15. Jon Snow's Secret
  16. The grey Girl on a dying Horse
  17. The Crypts of Winterfell
  18. The Washerman
  19. Abel's Répertoire
  20. Mance's last Words

1. The Wildling

Our first topic is Mance's origin. We are told by his old friend Qhorin Halfhand.
He loved the wild better than the Wall. It was in his blood. He was wildling born, taken as a child when some raiders were put to the sword. When he left the Shadow Tower he was only going home again.
(Jon VII, ACoK)

It's possible that the child had been kidnapped and has some other origin. However, Queen Selyse adds an important element to the tale.
“Gerrick is the true and rightful king of the wildlings,” the queen said, “descended in an unbroken male line from their great king Raymun Red-beard, whereas the usurper Mance Rayder was born of some common woman and fathered by one of your black brothers.”
(Jon XIII, ADwD)

That leaves me perplex. Indeed we were never told before that Mance's father had been a black brother. Selyse appears to be reporting common knowledge. It is an important information, since it makes a bastard of Mance. So, until we have more detail, for instance the identity of Mance's father, I remain circumspect, especially since, in the same sentence, Selyse seems mistaken about Gerrick's lineage. Nevertheless I do not take Selyse's assertion lightly: it might be misunderstood rather than wrong. Likewise, I have my doubt when I read what Sam thinks of Mance's son.
The boy was Mance Rayder’s son and Craster’s grandson, after all.
(Samwell IV, AFfC)

That would make Craster the father of either Dalla or Mance. That is contradicted completely or partially by Val when she said of Craster's son. (Nevertheless, Val seems strangely attached to the child.)
“Craster’s son?” Val shrugged. “He is no kin to me.”
(Jon VIII, ADwD)

In Qhorin's story, it is clear that Mance had spent his childhood as a wildling. It is not clear that he was born a wildling, if he was taken among raiders. It's possible that Mance was taken by wildlings and raised by them during a few years. In any case, Mance's origin is unclear. Another mystery seems that the Night's Watch took him. Is there any other wildling-born brother of the Watch before Jon Snow took the command? Perhaps there was something special about Mance's origin that made him accepted in the Watch.

When he talks about his origins, Mance tells Jon, not without pride:
My birth is as low as a man’s can get, no septon’s ever smeared my head with oils, I don’t own any castles, and my queen wears furs and amber, not silk and sapphires.
(Jon X, ASoS)

There is no mention of Craster (who considered himself a kind of lord, and was addressed as My Lord by the commander Mormont) and no mention of a father in the Watch.

How about Mance Rayder's name? The first name "Mance" does not seem to refer to anything, and was probably the name given by his wildlings parents of foster parents. Is the second name Rayder derived from "raider"?  Even if Mance's father was a brother from the Watch, it would be against all customs of the Seven Kingdoms that Mance inherited the name from him. So why a second name at all? All wildings I can think of have a single name and perhaps some epithet (Tormund Giantbane, Harma Dog's Head, Alfyn Crowkiller etc).

A little mention of Jon Snow might point to an extraordinary parentage of Mance, especially since Mormont's raven seems to pay attention.
“Pyp should learn to hold his tongue. I have heard the same from others. King’s blood, to wake a dragon. Where Melisandre thinks to find a sleeping dragon, no one is quite sure. It’s nonsense. Mance’s blood is no more royal than mine own. He has never worn a crown nor sat a throne. He’s a brigand, nothing more. There’s no power in brigand’s blood.”
The raven looked up from the floor. “Blood,” it screamed.
(Samwell I, AFfC)

I don't intend to push the following theory. But it is worthwile to note that Targaryens have been sent to the Wall before Aemon and Brynden Rivers. Indeed, here is the description of the Shieldhall in Castle Black with a little history lesson by Jon Snow.
The Shieldhall was one of the older parts of Castle Black, a long drafty feast hall of dark stone, its oaken rafters black with the smoke of centuries. Back when the Night’s Watch had been much larger, its walls had been hung with rows of brightly colored wooden shields. Then as now, when a knight took the black, tradition decreed that he set aside his former arms and take up the plain black shield of the brotherhood. The shields thus discarded would hang in the Shieldhall.
Hundreds of knights meant hundreds of shields. Hawks and eagles, dragons and griffins, suns and stags, wolves and wyverns, manticores, bulls, trees and flowers, harps, spears, crabs and krakens, red lions and golden lions and chequy lions, owls, lambs, maids and mermen, stallions, stars, buckets and buckles, flayed men and hanged men and burning men, axes, longswords, turtles, unicorns, bears, quills, spiders and snakes and scorpions, and a hundred other heraldic charges had adorned the Shieldhall walls, blazoned in more colors than any rainbow ever dreamed of.
But when a knight died, his shield was taken down, that it might go with him to his pyre or his tomb, and over the years and centuries fewer and fewer knights had taken the black. A day came when it no longer made sense for the knights of Castle Black to dine apart. The Shieldhall was abandoned. In the last hundred years, it had been used only infrequently. As a dining hall, it left much to be desired—it was dark, dirty, drafty, and hard to heat in winter, its cellars infested with rats, its massive wooden rafters worm-eaten and festooned with cobwebs.
(Jon XIII, ADwD)

There is mention of shields with dragons sigils, who once belonged to knights. Only House Tolland has a dragon as sigil, besides the Targaryens, as far as I know, and the Tolland dragon is quite odd. There is mention of the standard Targaryen funeral custom: pyres – except the Tullys what other house burns its dead? Hence it seems that at least one Targaryen has been sent to the Wall. Moreover, this happened at least a hundred years ago, since the Shieldhall has been abandoned since then. It happened before Brynden Rivers came to the Wall with Aemon. So neither of them is a viable candidate for the Targaryen exiled to the Watch. The Targaryens arrived in Westeros a three hundred years ago, which completes the delimitation of the timeframe of the mysterious dragonknight. The characteristic diphthong of the Targaryens tempts me to relate Bael the Bard to this mysterious exile. Bael seems to have lived during the timeframe we defined. In any case, it's an open question whether the Targaryen knight has left any descendant beyond the Wall. Recall Theon when he contemplated joining the Night's Watch during his final moments as prince of Winterfell.
As for women, what wildling woman wouldn’t want a prince in her bed?
(Theon VI, ACoK)

This shows that possibilities concerning Mance's parentage remain. I don't particularly expect any particular revelation, and I am content with the birth being as low as a man's can get, even if it can be as high as a man's can get.


2. The Crow

The first meeting between Mance and Jon informs us about the time spent by Mance in the Watch.
The black crow is a tricksy bird, that’s so... but I was a crow when you were no bigger than the babe in Dalla’s belly, Jon Snow.
(Jon I, ASoS)

So Mance had been in the Watch since Robert's Rebellion, at least. Since he was taken in the Watch as soon as he was a man grown, he is probably a bit older than thirty. He was a ranger of the Shadow Tower, which has been commanded for a long time by Denys Mallister, noted for his aristocratic attitude and unlikely to have entertained much fraternal relation with a lowborn creature like Mance – unless Ser Denys knows something that we don't. The maester at the Shadow Tower was Maester Mullin, which is characterized by Jon.
Maester Mullin at the Shadow Tower is more fighter than scholar[…]
(Jon II, ASoS)

So Mance is unlikely to have learnt much from either of them. It's an open question whether Mance ever learned to read. It would seem that he didn't. Perhaps we will learn more from Denys Mallister, the old commander of the Shadow Tower, who knew Mance well, since he forbade him to wear the mended cloak. Ser Denys didn't say a word about Mance when we saw him during the election of the new Lord Commander. However, Mance got noticed, since when Lord Qorgyle went to meet Ned Stark in Winterfell:
You were just a boy, and I was all in black, one of a dozen riding escort to old Lord Commander Qorgyle when he came down to see your father at Winterfell.
(Jon I, ASoS)

We never learned the reason for such a visit. It might have to do with Ned Stark project of repopulating the gift. It's remarkable that Qorgyle, based in Castle Black, took with him a young ranger from the Shadow Tower. Indeed, Mance remarked just earlier in the discussion.
Still... a boy from Castle Black with rangers from the Shadow Tower? How did that come to be?
(Jon I, ASoS)

Why did Mance got chosen to come with Qorgyle? It reminds me of Mormont choosing Jon Snow as his personal steward. Mance was a brother of the Watch when Lord Qorgyle was commander. House Qorgyle is seated in Sandstone, in Dorne. It once fostered Oberyn Martell and a certain Lord Qorgyle was in Oberyn's escort in King's Landing (and Oberyn offered a golden scorpion as a wedding present to Joffrey, the scorpion is Qorgyle's sigil). After the Dornishmen's return to Dorne, House Qorgyle did not make any appearance in the story, even when Doran Martell summoned most Dornish nobility in Sunspear. We don't know how Lord Qorgyle came to join the Night's Watch, I suppose it's not a natural vocation for a Dornishman (except in the story of the thirty kings sent by Nymeria to the Wall a thousand years ago). In any case,  Mance might have been some kind of favorite for Lord Qorgyle. There might be a sign of Qorgyle's importance for Mance in the coincidence of the colors of Mance cloak and House Qorgyle: Red and Black. But we'll put that in a wider context below.

In any case, he left his mark on the Watch, the Halfhand says of him.
“Was he a good ranger?”
“He was the best of us,” said the Halfhand, “and the worst as well. Only fools like Thoren Smallwood despise the wildlings. They are as brave as we are, Jon. As strong, as quick, as clever. But they have no discipline. They name themselves the free folk, and each one thinks himself as good as a king and wiser than a maester. Mance was the same. He never learned how to obey.”
(Jon VII, ACoK)

The man's stature was well established in the Night's Watch before the desertion.  So it is not possible to understand Mance as just a pawn.


3. The Deserter

Now the tale of Mance's desertion.
“One day on a ranging we brought down a fine big elk. We were skinning it when the smell of blood drew a shadowcat out of its lair. I drove it off, but not before it shredded my cloak to ribbons. Do you see? Here, here, and here?” He chuckled. “It shredded my arm and back as well, and I bled worse than the elk. My brothers feared I might die before they got me back to Maester Mullin at the Shadow Tower, so they carried me to a wildling village where we knew an old wisewoman did some healing. She was dead, as it happened, but her daughter saw to me. Cleaned my wounds, sewed me up, and fed me porridge and potions until I was strong enough to ride again. And she sewed up the rents in my cloak as well, with some scarlet silk from Asshai that her grandmother had pulled from the wreck of a cog washed up on the Frozen Shore. It was the greatest treasure she had, and her gift to me.” He swept the cloak back over his shoulders. “But at the Shadow Tower, I was given a new wool cloak from stores, black and black, and trimmed with black, to go with my black breeches and black boots, my black doublet and black mail. The new cloak had no frays nor rips nor tears... and most of all, no red. The men of the Night’s Watch dressed in black, Ser Denys Mallister reminded me sternly, as if I had forgotten. My old cloak was fit for burning now, he said.”
“I left the next morning... for a place where a kiss was not a crime, and a man could wear any cloak he chose.”
(Jon I, ASoS)

We'll return to several details: the scarlet silk from Asshai and the elk. The desertion, a momentous decision seemingly taken lightly, might have a non-natural cause. But I am satisfied by Qhorin's account to Jon Snow.
He had a passion for wildling music. Aye, and for their women as well. […]
“Why did he desert?”
“For a wench, some say. For a crown, others would have it.” Qhorin tested the edge of his sword with the ball of his thumb. “He liked women, Mance did, and he was not a man whose knees bent easily, that’s true. But it was more than that. He loved the wild better than the Wall. It was in his blood. He was wildling born, taken as a child when some raiders were put to the sword. When he left the Shadow Tower he was only going home again.
(Jon VII, ACoK)
But Mance's attraction to wildling women is not that uncommon. He tells Jon.
The Halfhand was carved of old oak, but I am made of flesh, and I have a great fondness for the charms of women... which makes me no different from threequarters of the Watch. There are men still wearing black who have had ten times as many women as this poor king.
(Jon I, ASoS)

There is a double meaning for us to see perhaps: the charms of women might refer refer to their magical capabilities. Indeed, Mance seems to have a fondness for uncommon women only: the wisewoman who healed him, Dalla and Melisandre.

Mance's attraction to the wild, taste for music and wildling women might have come from his childhood. I would risk the idea that the culture of the free folk is largely transmitted along the female line. It's through Ygritte that Jon learns the story of Bael the Bard and more. And Osha tells us:
Mance thinks he’ll fight, the brave sweet stubborn man, like the white walkers were no more than rangers, but what does he know? He can call himself King- beyond-the-Wall all he likes, but he’s still just another old black crow who flew down from the Shadow Tower. He’s never tasted winter. I was born up there, child, like my mother and her mother before her and her mother before her, born of the Free Folk. We remember.
(Bran VI, AGoT)

The story of the wise woman with the red silk points to a matrilineal tradition as well (grandmother, mother, daughter). Perhaps Old Nan perpetuates this tradition south of the Wall in a way. Of course Mance has tasted Winter, since he has been a child beyond the Wall, and then a black brother on the Wall. We know that Tyrion was born during a harsh winter, and Mance is older than Tyrion. I wonder what Osha means. It seems Mance is not a real wildling in her eyes.


4. The Bard

If he did not master it from his childhood in the wild, the passion for wildling musing led Mance to learn the Old Tongue.
Mance Rayder spoke the Old Tongue, even sang in it, fingering his lute and filling the night with strange wild music.
(Jon II, ACoK)

One has the feeling that the passion for music and songs is more than personal enjoyment. Mance is knowledgeable about ancient lore. He certainly came across the stories that Jon Snow heard from Wun Wun.
You know nothing, Jon Snow, Ygritte might say, but Jon spoke with the giant whenever he could, through Leathers or one of the free folk they had brought back from the grove, and was learning much and more about his people and their history.
(Jon VIII, ADwD)

The lute appears to me unlikely to be a wildling instrument. (The wildlings play drums, and pipes and horns.) I guess Mance got his lute at the Wall, perhaps left behind by a dead brother similar to Dareon. Or perhaps he bought it at Eastwatch, a place of trade well known to Varamyr.
Eastwatch was a better place to trade than Castle Black; that was where the ships came, laden with goods from the fabled lands beyond the sea.
(Prologue, ADwD)
Mance is rather modest concerning his abilities as a singer.
Bael wrote his own songs, and lived them. I only sing the songs that better men have made.
(Jon I, ASoS)
But Mance seems quite able to write songs, since Rowan told Theon.
If you have no smile for me, tell me how you captured Winterfell. Abel will put it in a song, and you will live forever.
(The Turncloak, ADwD)
And Theon is not impressed by Abel.
Bard or pander, Abel’s voice was passable, his playing fair. Here amongst the ruins, that was as much as anyone might expect.
 (The Prince of Winterfell, ADwD)

We'll return to Abel's répertoire later. In any case, Abel's singing seemed satisfactory enough in Winterfell.

Amond the song of the Seven Kingdoms, the Dornishman's wife seems to be among Mance's favourites. Here is what he sang to Jon Snow.
The Dornishman's wife was as fair as the sun,
and her kisses were warmer than spring.
But the Dornishman's blade was made of black steel,
and its kiss was a terrible thing.

The Dornishman's wife would sing as she bathed,
in a voice that was sweet as a peach,
But the Dornishman's blade had a song of its own,
and a bite sharp and cold as a leech.

As he lay on the ground with the darkness around,
and the taste of his blood on his tongue,
His brothers knelt by him and prayed him a prayer,
and he smiled and he laughed and he sung,
"Brothers, oh brothers, my days here are done,
the Dornishman's taken my life,
But what does it matter, for all men must die,
and I've tasted the Dornishman's wife!"
(Jon I, ASoS)

I wonder if Mance sang the song on purpose to Jon. The song itself seems to describe a mere episode of jealousy. It is also a raider's song. Indeed the story is one that the wildlings who risk their life to steal women south of the Wall know well. Perhaps, given that Dorne is the most southern, the most exotic, the most remote of the Seven Kingdoms, the Dornish women are the sweetest and of the highest value to the wildling raiders.

But the song does not mention kidnapping, rape or anything non-consensual with the Dornishman's wife. There is no need to paraphrase it, but it expresses also a certain attitude towards life and death. It finds an echo much later as Mance was about to depart to attempt the rescue of Arya.
“I’ve sung my songs, fought my battles, drunk summer wine, tasted the Dornishman’s wife. A man should die the way he’s lived. For me that’s steel in hand.”
(Melisandre, ADwD)

Perhaps Mance's favorite wildling song in the Common Tongue is the story of Bael the Bard. The story seems so important to me that we will have to return to it later.

We need to keep in mind that Mance's passion for wildling music is as much an artistic passion as a link to ancient history, to things that kneelers have forgotten.

It might be the right moment to discuss the visit Mance paid as a minstrel. Here is Mance's account:
I took a lute and a bag of silver, scaled the ice near Long Barrow, walked a few leagues south of the New Gift, and bought a horse. All in all I made much better time than Robert, who was traveling with a ponderous great wheelhouse to keep his queen in comfort. A day south of Winterfell I came up on him and fell in with his company. Freeriders and hedge knights are always attaching themselves to royal processions, in hopes of finding service with the king, and my lute gained me easy acceptance.” He laughed. “I know every bawdy song that’s ever been made, north or south of the Wall. So there you are. The night your father feasted Robert, I sat in the back of his hall on a bench with the other freeriders, listening to Orland of Oldtown play the high harp and sing of dead kings beneath the sea. I betook of your lord father’s meat and mead, had a look at Kingslayer and Imp... and made passing note of Lord Eddard’s children and the wolf pups that ran at their heels.”
(Jon I, ASoS)

We will return to the Long Barrow part later, and Orland. I marvel at the ease with which Mance could infiltrate the court of Robert. After all he has only known the Wall and the wild. Looking back at the arrival of Robert at Winterfell and the Feast, here is what Mance could have witnessed.

Robert went immediately to the crypt upon his arrival. Of course, Robert asked Ned privately, but people were talking later in the day. Indeed at the Feast, Jon talks to Benjen
“The queen is angry too,” Jon told his uncle in a low, quiet voice. “Father took the king down to the crypts this afternoon. The queen didn’t want him to go.”
(Jon I , AGoT)
Benjen and Jon were in the back of the room. At this moment, a singer was playing the high harp.
A singer was playing the high harp and reciting a ballad, but down at this end of the hall his voice could scarcely be heard above the roar of the fire, the clangor of pewter plates and cups, and the low mutter of a hundred drunken conversations.
(Jon I, AGoT)

The singer might be Orland. So Mance wasn't busy playing his lute. Since Benjen has just arrived and Mance wanted to have a close look at the Night's Watch First Ranger, I suspect he was in the crowd close to him. He could have heard the conversation, and Jon Snow breaking into tears because of his bastardy.
Laughter boomed all around him, and Jon felt hot tears on his cheeks. Someone tried to steady him. He wrenched free of their grip and ran, half-blind, for the door. Ghost followed close at his heels, out into the night.
(Jon I, AGoT)
Outside Jon Snow would meet Tyrion and they would talk about Jon's bastardy.

I suppose Mance remained at Winterfell until the departure of the court. So he was there when Bran fell. And there is the scene where Ned Stark, Catelyn and Maester Luwin talk about Lysa Arryn's letter and the coming conflict with the Lannisters. The window of the room is open at this time, and we know that Mance is a climber. However nothing really indicates that Mance played any role there.

That Mance took note of Tyrion and Jaime Lannister is interesting. I wonder what he noted of them.


5. The King-beyond-the-Wall

Here is a not very credible theory about Mance. I would suggest that to be accepted by the wildlings, the deserters from the Watch would have to put to death one of their former brothers. This is how it went for Jon Snow and the Halfhand. This is how it might have gone for Mance Rayder. If this is the case, the King-beyond-the-Wall would have to take the life of lord Qorgyle himself. There is one hint that this could have happened. Indeed, when Mance is disguised as Rattleshirt in Melisandre's quarters he warns Jon Snow.
I could visit you as easily, my lord. Those guards at your door are a bad jape. A man who has climbed the Wall half a hundred times can climb in a window easy enough. But what good would come of killing you? The crows would only choose someone worse.
(Melisandre, ADwD)

To have killed the lord Commander would give Mance much prestige. However, it's difficult to imagine that the tale wouldn't have spread if it was the case, coming back eventually to the Watch. Mance is not reputed having killed Qorgyle. However, one might wonder if, somehow, The Dornishman's Wife does not refer to Qorgyle.

The story of Mance's conquest is told by Jon.
Mance had spent years assembling this vast plodding host, talking to this clan mother and that magnar, winning one village with sweet words and another with a song and a third with the edge of his sword, making peace between Harma Dogshead and the Lord o’ Bones, between the Hornfoots and the Nightrunners, between the walrus men of the Frozen Shore and the cannibal clans of the great ice rivers, hammering a hundred different daggers into one great spear, aimed at the heart of the Seven Kingdoms. He had no crown nor scepter, no robes of silk and velvet, but it was plain to Jon that Mance Rayder was a king in more than name.
(Jon II, ASoS)
And by Mance:
“My birth is as low as a man’s can get, no septon’s ever smeared my head with oils, I don’t own any castles, and my queen wears furs and amber, not silk and sapphires. I am my own champion, my own fool, and my own harpist. You don’t become King- beyond-the-Wall because your father was. The free folk won’t follow a name, and they don’t care which brother was born first. They follow fighters. When I left the Shadow Tower there were five men making noises about how they might be the stuff of kings. Tormund was one, the Magnar another. The other three I slew, when they made it plain they’d sooner fight than follow.”
(Jon X, ASoS)
Mance would seem to consider his prowess with a sword as a political mean, rather than a end in itself.

Why did Mance ever had the ambition to become King-beyond-the-Wall? Leaving aside his desire to emulate Bael the Bard,Mance doesn't seem the power-hungry type. His plain motivation seems to save his people from the wights and white walkers. But, the enterprise towards kingship seems to have preceded by a few years the reappearance of the Others in Westeros. Mance himself has fought the wights. Tormund told Jon:
You know nothing. You killed a dead man, aye, I heard. Mance killed a hundred.
(Jon XII, ADwD)

Another indication that Mance's leadership seems primarily based on the impression he could make on the Free Folk as a fighter, and from the respect his other qualities inspire. His devotion to the protection of his people is not feigned.

As the Halfhand noted, Mance's stature was evident even before the desertion. So Mance's destiny as King-beyond-the-Wall can not be attributed solely to the "charms of women" or any manipulation by some power beyond the Wall. But we will see that some power seems to be siding with Mance.


6. Elks and Ravens

The emblems chosen and displayed by any man, especially by a king are always significant, and sometimes revealing. Surely, the King-beyond-the-Wall had to chose his own carefully to lead such an heterogenous bunch of people as the Free Folk.

The black and red cloak is certainly the most distinctive symbol for Mance. But it is a symbol of a personal nature, that has little to do with Mance's kingship. As a king, Mance displays a few emblems. Here is the description of Mance's tent:
Like many of the lesser tents it was made of sewn hides with the fur still on, but Mance Rayder’s hides were the shaggy white pelts of snow bears. The peaked roof was crowned with a huge set of antlers from one of the giant elks that had once roamed freely throughout the Seven Kingdoms, in the times of the First Men.
(Jon I, ASoS)

The giant elk seems to be part of the endangered prehistoric megafauna beyond the Wall, alongside the direwolves, the mammoths and the giants. It makes for an impressive display, since the antlers of the prehistoric Irish Elks could reach a width of ten feet (three meters). We will return to the white bearskins when we will discuss Dalla and Val. The other emblem is the helm worn by Mance for the battle:
Beneath his slashed cloak of black wool and red silk he wore black ringmail and shaggy fur breeches, and on his head was a great bronze-and-iron helm with raven wings at either temple.
(Jon II, ASoS)

The bronze and iron might refer to the Crown of the Kings of Winter. Here is Robb's crown.
Lord Hoster’s smith had done his work well, and Robb’s crown looked much as the other was said to have looked in the tales told of the Stark kings of old; an open circlet of hammered bronze incised with the runes of the First Men, surmounted by nine black iron spikes wrought in the shape of longswords. Of gold and silver and gemstones, it had none; bronze and iron were the metals of winter, dark and strong to fight against the cold.
(Catelyn I, ACoK)

There is a nuance between black iron and mere iron. Black iron is the metal of the field of ravenry for the maesters.

The raven wings are less evidently significative. But the ravens are related to the Children of the Forest, as Lord Brynden tells Bran:
It was the singers who taught the First Men to send messages by raven ... but in those days, the birds would speak the words.
(Bran III, ADwD)
The elk is also related to the Singers.
The green men ride on elks, Old Nan used to say.
(Bran IV, ASoS)
The green men had been mentioned by Catelyn Stark.
In the south the last weirwoods had been cut down or burned out a thousand years ago, except on the Isle of Faces where the green men kept their silent watch.
(Catelyn I, AGoT)
And by Maester Luwin.
So the gods might bear witness to the signing, every tree on the island was given a face, and afterward, the sacred order of green men was formed to keep watch over the Isle of Faces.
(Bran VII, AGoT)
They appear also in the story of the little crannogman by Meera and Jojen.
“No one visits the Isle of Faces,” objected Bran. “That’s where the green men live.”
“It was the green men he meant to find. So he donned a shirt sewn with bronze scales, like mine, took up a leathern shield and a threepronged spear, like mine, and paddled a little skin boat down the Green Fork.”

(Bran II, ASoS)
And a few more times… There is a wildling called Grigg the Goat in Jarl The Climber's band.
He didn’t want to know about Del’s girl or Bodger’s mother, the place by the sea that Henk the Helm came from, how Grigg yearned to visit the green men on the isle of Faces, or the time a moose had chased Toefinger up a tree.
(Jon V, ASoS)

We never saw Grigg die during the battle at Castle Black. I would suppose he attempted to visit the Isle of Faces. Perhaps, we will hear of him again.

Giant elks, ravens. Mance's totems are animals friendly to the Children of the Forest. Sam meets another character connected to these very animals: Coldhands.
“Brother!” The shout cut through the night, through the shrieks of a thousand ravens. Beneath the trees, a man muffled head to heels in mottled blacks and greys sat astride an elk. “Here,” the rider called. A hood shadowed his face.
He’s wearing blacks. Sam urged Gilly toward him. The elk was huge, a great elk, ten feet tall at the shoulder, with a rack of antlers near as wide.
(Samwell III, ASoS)

Who is Coldhands? Certainly a dead brother of the Night's Watch, probably not a deserter, since he calls Sam "Brother!" or perhaps a repentant deserter, consigned to an eternity of servitude as penitence for his failings as Black Brother. Leaf says that he died long ago.
Bran shivered again. “The ranger ...”
“He cannot come.”
“They’ll kill him.”
“No. They killed him long ago. Come now. It is warmer down deep, and no one will hurt you there. He is waiting for you.”
(Bran II, ADwD)
Coldhand answers the question about  the identity of the Three-Eyed-Crow.
“A friend. Dreamer, wizard, call him what you will. The last greenseer.”
(Bran II, ADwD)

He calls Lord Brynden a friend. Was Coldhands a contemporary of Bloodraven? Or is the mention of friendship simply a reassurance he makes to Bran and co? The ravens and the elk that serve Coldhands are with him as part of the universe of the Children of the Forest. Coldhands whispered words in a strange tongue when he granted mercy to the elk.
It had been twelve days since the elk had collapsed for the third and final time, since Coldhands had knelt beside it in the snowbank and murmured a blessing in some strange tongue as he slit its throat.
(Bran II, ADwD)

Was it the True Tongue, or the Old Tongue? If it was the True Tongue, it was not Coldhands' language as a living man, since no man can speak that language. If it was the Old Tongue, it might have been that Coldhands was alive when the Old Tongue was the language of the Night's Watch, probably much before the Conquest. Or, perhaps, Coldhands learned the language in the wild after his time at the Watch.

The signification of the connection with Coldhands is unclear, but it raises the question of the connection of Mance with the Children of the Forest.

Surely the pale lord with a thousand eyes and one has watched the rise of the King-beyond-the-Wall. I wouldn't expect him to have stayed neutral. Are there signs that he favored it? Apparently, he can influence human affairs in the following ways: send Coldhands, enter the dreams of certain gifted people, provide knowledge, perhaps answer prayers to heart trees, and warg certain animals. Mance never appeared to be a particularly devout man, and we never saw him praying near a heart tree.

Lord Brynden, Coldhands and Mance are related by the black cloak they have kept on their shoulder despite having left the Night's Watch years before. All three seemingly make a point of keeping the cloak, as if, somehow, they have not given up on their vows.

Much later, when Mance is in Melisandre's orbit, Melisandre has the vision of Bloodraven, in whom she sees a champion of the Great Other. However, the nature of the relationship of Mance to Melisandre has yet to be clarified.

Let's return briefly to the story of the red silk.
One day on a ranging we brought down a fine big elk. We were skinning it when the smell of blood drew a shadowcat out of its lair. I drove it off, but not before it shredded my cloak to ribbons. Do you see? Here, here, and here?” He chuckled. “It shredded my arm and back as well, and I bled worse than the elk.
(Jon I, ASoS)

The story is told concisely, except for the appearance of the elk, which is unnecessary – It could begin with the shadowcat. By big elk, I understand that the rangers came across an elk similar to Coldhands'. An adventurous reading of the story would be that the Shadowcat attacked the rangers as vengeance for the elk. Perhaps the Children of the Forest made Mance pay for the death of the elk, and arranged to have him sent to the wise woman.

Or, perhaps, we should see a parallel between Mance's and Bran's stories. In both cases a big elk died, and the sacrifice was a price to pay for meeting… who exactly? Are the women mentioned by Mance children of the forest? Probably not. Or perhaps some closely connected creatures, similar to the Ghost of High Heart?

Even without this speculation, it's clear that Mance alludes to the Children of the Forest in his display of sigils. I should add that I do not believe that the Children of the Forest form a monolithic unified group. They might be as diverse in their cultures as humans are. Some may follow the old gods like the northmen do. Others might believe in something as different as the faith of the seven is. The children of God's Eye might have a different worldview than those beyond he Wall. It's perfectly possible that many of them are indifferent to elks and ravens. The Children of the Forest have other greenseers than Lord Brynden. Hence some of them are watching the Free Folk and their king.

In the affinity Mance has for the Children of the Forest, one might add that Mance might have heard them sing:
And they did sing. They sang in True Tongue, so Bran could not understand the words, but their voices were as pure as winter air.
(Bran III, ADwD)


7. Dalla, and Val

Dalla and Mance had not known each other for long. Indeed, Mance tells Jon Snow.
My lady is blameless. I met her on my return from your father’s castle.
(Jon I, ASoS)

Note the qualifier blameless, a first sign of the high regard Mance has for his queen. Even odder is the term My Lady, a kneeler word, which is not even m'lady.

The name Dalla is unremarkable in Westeros (we have a Palla in Winterfell, a Dalla in Dragonstone, several Wyllas etc). Mance does not say on which side of the Wall the meeting with Dalla and Val happened. After some hesitation, I tend to believe it was north of the Wall. When Mance requires Tormund, Stig, Rattelshirt, Val, Jarl to leave him speak alone to Jon Snow, Val is allowed to remain in the king's tent, as if Mance had nothing to hide from her. It reminds me of the later scene where all the queen's men are commanded to leave Stannis' council, but Melisandre was allowed to witness the discussion with Jon Snow. So let's say Dalla was as close to Mance as Melisandre is to Stannis.

Dalla comes into the story with her sister Val. She appears to hold some status, higher than her sister. Indeed, when it is suggested that Wun Wun would guard her tower, Val says:
“A giant as protector? Even Dalla could not boast of that.”
(Jon XI, ADwD)

The fact that Mance married Dalla is another sign of Dalla's seniority. Dalla utters a total of five sentences in the story. Here are  the first four.
We free folk know things you kneelers have forgotten. Sometimes the short road is not the safest, Jon Snow. The Horned Lord once said that sorcery is a sword without a hilt. There is no safe way to grasp it.
(Jon X, ASoS)

A statement that Jon will recall later at the instigation of Val, and that he will repeat to Melisandre. The fifth sentence would come a moment later when Dalla answers Mance.
"If I sound the Horn of Winter, the Wall will fall. Or so the songs would have me believe. There are those among my people who want nothing more...”
“But once the Wall is fallen,” Dalla said, “what will stop the Others?” Mance gave her a fond smile. “It’s a wise woman I’ve found. A true queen.”
(Jon X, ASoS)

Note again Mance's words of admiration, and perhaps a play on words (wise woman, compare with Mance's self-proclaimed sensibility to the charms of women). Dalla sounds like an oracle in her first pronouncement. Mance, himself well-versed in wildling lore, seems to let her take precedence in these matters. It seems to me that Dalla has knowledge, even more than Osha when she said.
I was born up there, child, like my mother and her mother before her and her mother before her, born of the Free Folk. We remember.
(Bran VI, AGoT)
Again the matrilineal tradition. That leaves us to wonder who was Val and Dalla's mother.

I find the reference to the Horned Lord especially interesting. The Horned Lord was once the name of a constellation, or of a planet, which is now called the Stallion.
We look up at the same stars, and see such different things. The King’s Crown was the Cradle, to hear her tell it; the Stallion was the Horned Lord; the red wanderer that septons preached was sacred to their Smith up here was called the Thief.
(Jon III, ASoS)

The horses are not native to Westeros. They were brought by the First Men. Is the Horned Lord the animal which served as mount before the horses? This animal might be the elk, if we believe Old Nan in her stories of green men riding elks. However, the Horned Lord is also the name of a King-beyond-the-Wall.
“Wildlings have invaded the realm before.” Jon had heard the tales from Old Nan and Maester Luwin both, back at Winterfell. “Raymun Redbeard led them south in the time of my grandfather’s grandfather, and before him there was a king named Bael the Bard.”
“Aye, and long before them came the Horned Lord and the brother kings Gendel and Gorne, and in ancient days Joramun, who blew the Horn of Winter and woke giants from the earth. Each man of them broke his strength on the Wall, or was broken by the power of Winterfell on the far side...
(Jon III, ACoK)

Raymun came about a century ago. The story of Bael seems to involves a Stark lord called Brandon, who lived necessarily after Aegon's Conquest. That would probably put the Horned Lord in the times of the Kings of Winter. Of course, Joramun was, according to the tale, a contemporary of Night's King, himself thirteen's commander of the Night's Watch.

I have a few weak suggestions about the Horned Lord.

The first suggestion is to confuse horns with antlers, which would bring us back to the giant elk. The confusion already occurs when Robert Barratheon is compared by Ned to a Horned God.
He found himself thinking of Robert more and more. He saw the king as he had been in the flower of his youth, tall and handsome, his great antlered helm on his head, his warhammer in hand, sitting his horse like a horned god.
(Eddard XV, AGoT)

It wouldn't be unreasonable, since the Starks are sometimes called wolves. We even have the expression "Wolf Lord" from the Reeds. So the "Horned Lord" would be related to elks, in the same way than the Wolf Lord (that is Lord Stark) is related to wolves. No house in the north has currently the giant elk, or simply the elk, as sigil.

Another visible association would be that the Horned Lord had a spectacular horn like the "Horn of Joramun". But neither Mance nor Dalla make the connection.

The last suggestion would come from the phrase "the horned moon" which likens the lunar crescent to a pair of horns, and would associate the Horned Lord with the Moon itself, which would be compatible with another connection we are going to make now.

It's time to comment on the large white tent, made of white bearskins, and where Dalla and Mance reside. Jon sees it from the Wall:
Even at this distance there was no mistaking Mance Rayder’s huge white tent, sewn together from the pelts of snow bears.
(Jon IX, ASoS)
The whiteness of the tent finds an echo in the clothes given by Dalla to Val, that we would see much later.
Val was clad all in white; white woolen breeches tucked into high boots of bleached white leather, white bearskin cloak pinned at the shoulder with a carved weirwood face, white tunic with bone fastenings. […] Val patted the long bone knife on her hip.
(Jon XI, ADwD)

It is a cultural norm in the Seven Kingdoms to wear a pin, or a brooch to maintain one's cloak closed. Just to prove this assertion, here is a little list of precedents: Rhaegar Frey, The Codds, Robett Glover, Balon Swann, Roger Ryswell, Kevan Lannister, "Arya", Robert Strong (a seven-pointed star), The Goodbrothers, Tarly's huntsman, Robert Arryn (a crescent moon), Lord Mooton, Lord Hunter, Loras Tyrell, Tyrion, Oberyn's present to Joffrey (a brooch in the shape of a golden scorpion), Stannis (a flame), The Liddle, Bran, Janos Slynt, Theon (shape not mentioned), Jaremy Rykker, Wylis Manderly, Vyseris (dragon bone, no shape), Renly (emerald, no shape), Boros Blount (a lion), The hand's badge of office, Meryn Trant (a lion), the Blackfish. Unless mentioned, the wearer's house is represented by its sigil on the brooch.

So, almost always, such items are worn by highborn people and the brooch represents the sigil of the house. I could find no example of this habit in the Free Cities. By this standard, the sigil is a sign that Val belongs to some aristocracy associated to the weirwood. The only precedent I can find is the Knight of the Laughing Tree, again the weirwood face as a sigil in a feudal context:
“No one knew,” said Meera, “but the mystery knight was short of stature, and clad in ill-fitting armor made up of bits and pieces. The device upon his shield was a heart tree of the old gods, a white weirwood with a laughing red face.”
(Bran II, ASoS)

The sigil on the shield is the martial equivalent of the sigil on the brooch that clasp the cloak. The weirwood face on Val's cloak seems a miniature version of the weirwood mask worn by Morna-White-Mask.

If Lyanna Stark was the Knight of the Laughing Tree, where did that idea of using the weirwood sigil come from? In any case, the appearance of the knight is an answer to Howland Reed's prayer to the Old Gods. Does the sigil come from Eddard Stark's mother, whose identity is unknown? (She might be from the island of Skagos, since Osha and Rickon went there. Or it can be the First Flint's sigil, which is still unknown. Indeed, Old Flint and The Norrey both come to the Wall to provide a wet nurse to Mance's son.)

The sight of Val makes a strong impression on Jon Snow.
Her breath was white as well ... but her eyes were blue, her long braid the color of dark honey, her cheeks flushed red from the cold. It had been a long while since Jon Snow had seen a sight so lovely.
(Jon XI, ADwD)

Perhaps Dall wore these very clothes when she met Mance, and perhaps the King-beyond-the-Wall was equally struck.

If the incident of the Knight of the Laughing Tree decided Rhaegar to elope Lyanna, it would seem that Mance followed a similar course by wedding Dalla and her weirwood sigil. And the colors of Mance's black and red cloak match the Targaryen colors, those worn by Rhaegar for the Harrenhal tourney.

We will return to the red and black colors.

The clothes were given by Dalla. They appear to be of the sort used for ceremonies, or would indicate a certain status. The weirwood face pin reminds us of the children of the forest and the old gods.

If it doesn't have a religious, or ritual, significance, the bone knife is a poor replacement for the iron knife Val had when she left the Wall. So the knife might refer to a pre-metallurgic period in the history of Westeros. The obsession with whiteness reminds me of a tradition encountered by Arya in Braavos.
“The Moonsingers led us to this place of refuge, where the dragons of Valyria could not find us,” Denyo said. “Theirs is the greatest temple.
[…]
That is the Temple of the Moonsingers.”
It was one of those that Arya had spied from the lagoon, a mighty mass of snow-white marble topped by a huge silvered dome whose milk glass windows showed all the phases of the moon. A pair of marble maidens flanked its gates, tall as the Sealords, supporting a crescent-shaped lintel.
(Arya I, AFfC)

Like the Moonsingers once did, Dalla and Mance attempt to lead a persecuted people (not by dragons, fire beings, but by the Others, ice creatures) to a safer place. Dalla seems to be the one who warned Mance that stopping the Others is more important than triumphing over the Night's Watch. The centrality of the worship of the moon for the Bravoosi sect seems to find an echo in Val when she announces to Jon the time of her return to the Wall.
Val glanced at the sky. The moon was but half-full. “Look for me on the first day of the full moon.”
(Jon VIII, ADwD)
She insists with her final words.
“The first night of the full moon, then.”
(Jon VIII, ADwD)

The bone knife could refer to the moon as well, as the moon is described four times in Bran's chapter in the cave of the Children.
The moon was a crescent, thin and sharp as the blade of a knife.
(Bran III, ADwD)
Finally the Val sings to Craster's son.
“Craster’s son?” Val shrugged. “He is no kin to me.”
“I have heard you singing to him.”
“I was singing to myself. Am I to blame if he listens?” A faint smile brushed her lips.
(Jon VIII, ADwD)
Mirri Maz Durr tells us that the moonsingers are known for their birthing songs.
A moonsinger of the Jogos Nhai gifted me with her birthing songs[…]
(Daenerys VII, AGoT)

There is a strong similarity between the moonsinger tradition and what we see in Dalla and Val. Is there a connection in the present time? Or should we imagine that the wildling slaves of Valyria brought with them a tradition that would later become the moonsingers?

I do not think Val and Dalla are envoys from Braavos. They seem part of the Free Folk, they use the word kneeler, Dalla knows well the Wall, the Horned Lord etc. It is hardly more believable that Dalla (or both sisters) has been to Braavos for a time. I find preferable but still very unlikely that moonsingers envoys educated Dalla somehow. Indeed, Mirri Maz Durr's tale shows that the moonsinger do travel widely – traveling north of the Wall from Braavos is much easier than sailing to Asshai. If there are moonsingers among the Jogos Nhai, a people who lives far away from Braavos, perhaps even on another continent, there can very well be a branch north of the Wall, especially since ships from the Free Cities come north of Eastwatch to trade with the Free Folk. But I am far from certain that there has been a direct contact with the Moonsingers. If there is indeed a connection, it might come from the fact that Braavos was once founded by escaped slaves, among which there might have been wildlings who perpetuated and further developped their culture.

The way Val spoke to Jon before she left the Wall, her appearance when she returned seems to point to a form of moon worshipping, or at least a way of counting time based on the phases of the moon. When Bran is in the cave of the Children of the Forest, the phases of the moon are mentioned regularly and form the tempo of life down there.

The bone knife that Dalla had with her on her return to the Wall (and she had no need for it since she had been given a metal knife when she left) and threatened to geld Jon Snow with, is interesting. It suggests a ritual role. Note that in Bran's final vision a woman sacrifices a victim with a bronze weapon, and bronze is the mark of the First Men. The use of bone suggests an even more archaic period. The First Men came to Westeros equipped with the knowledge of bronze. So the use of bone weapons does not come from them. It has to refer, then, to the children of the forest, who, by all accounts, did not master metallurgy. For instance, Maester Luwin about the Dawn Age.
The wars went on until the earth ran red with blood of men and children both, but more children than men, for men were bigger and stronger, and wood and stone and obsidian make a poor match for bronze.
(Bran VII, AGoT)
There is no mention of bone weapons in the Dawn Age though.

We turn now on a more concrete topic: the curious interest that Stannis has in Val.
“Good,” King Stannis said, “for the surest way to seal a new alliance is with a marriage. I mean to wed my Lord of Winterfell to this wildling princess.”
Perhaps Jon had ridden with the free folk too long; he could not help but laugh. “Your Grace,” he said, “captive or no, if you think you can just give Val to me, I fear you have a deal to learn about wildling women. Whoever weds her had best be prepared to climb in her tower window and carry her off at swordpoint...”
(Jon XI, ASoS)
Here they are at the Wall for Melisandre's ceremony.
The king's eyes were blue bruises, sunk deep in a hollow face. He wore grey plate, a fur-trimmed cloak of cloth-of-gold flowing from his broad shoulders. His breastplate had a flaming heart inlaid above his own. Girding his brows was a red-gold crown with points like twisting flames. Val stood beside him, tall and fair. They had crowned her with a simple circlet of dark bronze, yet she looked more regal in bronze than Stannis did in gold. Her eyes were grey and fearless, unflinching. Beneath an ermine cloak, she wore white and gold. Her honey-blond hair had been done up in a thick braid that hung over her right shoulder to her waist. The chill in the air had put color in her cheeks.
(Jon III, ADwD)

It seems that Val has accepted to take part in Stannis' ceremony in exchange for the life of Mance. (Here is the clue: Val had lengthily pleaded for Mance's life before, even accepting to marry a kneeler. But she doesn't seem dismayed as "Mance" is burned under her eyes.) In any case, it is not a misunderstanding that Stannis crowned Val for all the Night's Watch and the Free Folk to see.

Val's crown seems a partial version of Robb's crown.
The ancient crown of the Kings of Winter had been lost three centuries ago, yielded up to Aegon the Conqueror when Torrhen Stark knelt in submission. What Aegon had done with it no man could say. Lord Hoster's smith had done his work well, and Robb's crown looked much as the other was said to have looked in the tales told of the Stark kings of old; an open circlet of hammered bronze incised with the runes of the First Men, surmounted by nine black iron spikes wrought in the shape of longswords. Of gold and silver and gemstones, it had none; bronze and iron were the metals of winter, dark and strong to fight against the cold.
(Catelyn I, ACoK)

So Robb's crown is modeled on the crown of Winter. It seems that Val has the same bronze circlet, but it is deprived of the iron swords. It doesn't appear that runes are inscribed on her crown. But Jon might be too far away to see. Since the First Men did not master iron, their crown might have been exactly Val's before the arrival of the Andals in Westeros. It is tempting to speculate on the crown. Perhaps when the Starks became kings of Winter, they took the bronze circlet of the previous dynasty and modified it with their own iron swords (which recall the swords in the crypts of Winterfell.) The crown of Winter might have been like the Egyptian pschent, made by combining the crowns of both lower and upper Egypt. It might be that the black iron part of the Crown of Winter is on the Barrowton Banner, and is alluded to by the Dreadfort merlons, but that's a story for another day. It would have been interesting to see what did Jeyne Westerling's crown look like.

At this stage, I am tempted to guess that the Kings of Winter displaced an earlier matrilineal dynasty, or rather that the queens of Winter were displaced north of the Wall. But let's return to questions we can try to answer.

It seems that Stannis has understood Val's status, perhaps from Mance. It's not clear why Stannis kept it secret from Jon. Even when he is absent, Stannis made strong recommendations so that Jon keeps Val.
“This had best not be some bastard's trick. Will I trade three hundred fighters for three thousand? Aye, I will. I am not an utter fool. If I leave the girl with you as well, do I have your word that you will keep our princess closely?”
She is not a princess. “As you wish, Your Grace.”
“Do I need to make you swear an oath before a tree?”
“No.”
Was that a jape? With Stannis, it was hard to tell.
(Jon IV, ADwD)
Stannis' men were insistent, even those who never had the chance to be impressed by Val's beauty.
Axell Florent smiled. “The king might say the same if he were here. Yet some provision must be made for His Grace's leal knights, surely? They have followed him so far and at such cost. And we must needs bind these wildlings to king and realm. This marriage is a good first step, but I know that it would please the queen to see the wildling princess wed as well.”
Jon sighed. He was weary of explaining that Val was no true princess. No matter how often he told them, they never seemed to hear.
(Jon IX, ADwD)

Clearly Stannis' interest in Val went beyond anything reasonable if Val were no more than a pretty wildling who happened to be the goodsister of a defeated king-beyond-the-Wall. Stannis might be in need of a figurehead to control the wildling population. But Val is not pliable, and it is exaggerated to crown her. Surely Jon Snow has missed something.

For Stannis, the marriage with Val would go along the lordship of Winterfell. First, Stannis offers both to Jon.
“Good,” King Stannis said, “for the surest way to seal a new alliance is with a marriage. I mean to wed my Lord of Winterfell to this wildling princess.”
(Jon XI, ASoS)
Then he thinks of giving both Winterfell and Val to one of his knights.
“Horpe and Massey aspire to your father's seat. Massey wants the wildling princess too. He once served my brother Robert as squire and acquired his appetite for female flesh. Horpe will take Val to wife if I command it, but it is battle he lusts for. As a squire he dreamed of a white cloak, but Cersei Lannister spoke against him and Robert passed him over. Perhaps rightly. Ser Richard is too fond of killing. Which would you have as Lord of Winterfell, Snow? The smiler or the slayer?”
(Jon IV, ADwD)

The marriage of Val is brought up again by Ser Axell Florent. His exchange with Jon Snow seems trivial. But when Val returns to the Wall, Jon recalls.
“Have you been trying to steal my wolf?” he asked her. “Why not? If every woman had a direwolf, men would be much sweeter. Even crows.”
“Har!” laughed Tormund Giantsbane. “Don’t bandy words with this one, Lord Snow, she’s too clever for the likes o’ you and me. Best steal her quick, before Toregg wakes up and takes her first.”
What had that oaf Axell Florent said of Val? “
A nubile girl, not hard to look upon. Good hips, good breasts, well made for whelping children.” All true enough, but the wildling woman was so much more.
(Jon XI, ADwD)

The internal interrogation: What had that oaf Axell Florent said of Val? seems an invitation to reread what Ser Axell had said earlier the same day (beyond what Jon had just recalled).
Axell Florent smiled. “The king might say the same if he were here. Yet some provision must be made for His Grace’s leal knights, surely? They have followed him so far and at such cost. And we must needs bind these wildlings to king and realm. This marriage is a good first step, but I know that it would please the queen to see the wildling princess wed as well.”
Jon sighed. He was weary of explaining that Val was no true princess. No matter how often he told them, they never seemed to hear. “You are persistent, Ser Axell, I grant you that.”
“Do you blame me, my lord? Such a prize is not easily won. A nubile girl, I hear, and not hard to look upon. Good hips, good breasts, well made for whelping children.”
“Who would father these children? Ser Patrek? You?”
“Who better? We Florents have the blood of the old Gardener kings in our veins. Lady Melisandre could perform the rites, as she did for Lady Alys and the Magnar.”
“All you are lacking is a bride.”
“Easily remedied.” Florent’s smile was so false that it looked painful. “Where is she, Lord Snow? Have you moved her to one of your other castles? Greyguard or the Shadow Tower? Whore’s Burrow, with t’other wenches?” He leaned close. “Some say you have her tucked away for your own pleasure. It makes no matter to me, so long as she is not with child. I’ll get my own sons on her. If you’ve broken her to saddle, well ... we are both men of the world, are we not?”
Jon had heard enough. “Ser Axell, if you are truly the Queen’s Hand, I pity Her Grace.”
Florent’s face grew flushed with anger. “So it
is true. You mean to keep her for yourself, I see it now. The bastard wants his father’s seat.”
(Jon X, ADwD)

Once again Jon Snow has to deny the nobility of Val. This time Ser Axell sets the bar very high by invoking the blood of the old Gardener kings as a qualifier for being Val's consort.

As a matter of comparison, Davos recalls a painful memory.
Queen Selyse had feasted Salla and his captains, the night before the fleet had set sail. Cotter Pyke had joined them, and four other high officers of the Night’s Watch. Princess Shireen had been allowed to attend as well. As the salmon was being served, Ser Axell Florent had entertained the table with the tale of a Targaryen princeling who kept an ape as a pet. This prince liked to dress the creature in his dead son’s clothes and pretend he was a child, Ser Axell claimed, and from time to time he would propose marriages for him. The lords so honored always declined politely, but of course they did decline. “Even dressed in silk and velvet, an ape remains an ape,” Ser Axell said. “A wiser prince would have known that you cannot send an ape to do a man’s work.” The queen’s men laughed, and several grinned at Davos. I am no ape, he’d thought. I am as much a lord as you, and a better man. But the memory still stung.
(Davos II, ADwD)

The metaphor of the princeling and the monkey should apply equally well to Stannis/Davos and to Stannis/Val if Val were just a common wildling. In fact, just like the Targaryen prince, attempts to marry Val to various people. But, Ser Axell has no contempt for the wildling princess, and proclaims his desire to marry her.

More interestingly even, Axell Florent's final assertion in his conversation with Jon confirms that Winterfell should come with Val: “So it is true. You mean to keep her for yourself, I see it now. The bastard wants his father’s seat.”

The subtext seems to be that Winterfell belongs to Val, regardless of her consort. Later Stannis would suggest to give Winterfell to Arnolf Karstark, but there is no explicit mention of Val. Of course, the Kings of Winter used to rule from Winterfell and the seat goes with the crown, so Stannis is nothing but consistent here. Of course, Winterfell, despite being a ruin is of high value to Stannis, as his struggle with Roose Bolton shows.

What makes Val deserve a crown and Winterfell? See how Jon Snow made the wrong observation during the ceremony at the Wall just after having looked at Val and her crown.
Lady Melisandre wore no crown, but every man there knew that she was Stannis Baratheon's real queen, not the homely woman he had left to shiver at Eastwatch-by-the-Sea.
(Jon III, ADwD)
The true queen of the day was obviously not Melisandre.

In any case, Dalla and Val seem much more educated than any wildling we see beyond the Wall. Consider their manner of speaking: Val pronounce the more articulate My Lord rather than the common M'lord of the small folk and Free Folk. There seems to be an unavoidable question: Val and Dalla must have had a family or a mentor from whom they got their education and there is no apparent possibility north of the Wall. The mentor might have been Lord Brynden, more or less directly. We have also Leaf : who said:
For him. The Bran boy. I was born in the time of the dragon, and for two hundred years I walked the world of men, to watch and listen and learn. I might be walking still, but my legs were sore and my heart was weary, so I turned my feet for home.”
(Bran III, ADwD)

Could it be that Val and Dalla were Brynden's envoys to Mance, and that led the King-beyond-the-Wall to adopt the elk and the raven as emblems?

A few more remarks:

Val is blond, which is not common among the First Men. Among the wildlings, the Weeper is noted for being blond. Grigg the Goat, a raider who led a party of climbers, is another blond wildling, furthermore known to Jarl, since Grigg and Jarl competed to be first to reach the top of the Wall. And Grigg the Goat is fascinated by God's Eye (a sanctuary of the children of the forest). We have no physical description of Dalla, except what is related to her pregnancy.

A curiosity: Val doesn't seem to eat pork. Indeed, when Jon Snow visits the larders at Castle Black, ham and sausage seem to predominate in the stores. But Val leaves the Wall aprovisioned with the following food.
“Hard bread, hard cheese, oat cakes, salt cod, salt beef, salt mutton, and a skin of sweet wine to rinse all that salt out of my mouth. I will not die of hunger.”
(Jon VIII, ADwD)

Perhaps it's a question of personal taste. But bacon is frequently on the menu during rangin beyond the Wall. But many wildlings we see do eat pork: Craster, Harma have herds of pigs. Borroq has a pet boar that he wargs. There is no sign that pigs are considered impure beyond the Wall. I would be curious to know how Val feels about Borroq. The contrast seems striking between Val and Ghost, all in white, appearing together at the Wall in the wildling host on the one hand and Borroq and his black boar closing the march on the other hand. We could relate this to other instances of mutual hostility between pigs and dogs (see Harma who hates dogs, and, far away, the joust of the dwarves in King's Landing).

Note the wine within Val's provisions. Wildlings do not enjoy a sunny climate and do not have grapes, let alone wine. So wine is practically unknown beyond the Wall, except for the occasional trade at Eastwatch. Of course Mance had enjoyed wine when he was a brother of the Night's Watch, and wine might occasionally have been brought to the table of the King Beyond the Wall. However, the wildling seem to drink mead when Jon is brought to meet Mance in his tent beyond the Wall. Perhaps Val developped a taste for wine at Stannis' table.

The Children seem to have goats, but not pigs in their caves.

Another curiosity I can't explain: Val seems to change eye color. Here she is at Melisandre's ceremony:
Her eyes were grey and fearless, unflinching.
(Jon III, ADwD)
And now at her return to the Wall:
...her eyes were blue...
(Jon XI, ADwD)

Of course, blue and grey are close enough, and some eyes in the real world can pass for either color. But, the distinction is often made between the Starks' grey eyes and the Tullys' blue eyes, for instance. So I am not sure what to make of the change. Perhaps Val's eyes are alike Roose's: very pale, and so lightly colored that they may pass for grey or blue. Indeed they are described as  such.
Val looked at him with pale grey eyes.
(Jon X, ADwD)

However, the white clothes worn by Val upon her return might have brought up the blue in her eye, by contrast. (The opposite effect of Aegon, whose eye color shifted to blue by osmosis with his hair color.)

Leaving aside the eye color, it seems obvious that Val and Dalla had an extraordinary status among the Free Folk, something that Jon Snow never came to grasp.




8. The Frostfangs and the Horn of Joramun

Mormont mentions a report and formulates a mystery about Mance.
Qhorin Halfhand took a captive in the depths of the Gorge, and the man swears that Mance Rayder is massing all his people in some new, secret stronghold he’s found, to what end the gods only know.
(Jon IX, AGoT)
That would be partially answered by Craster.
“Did he?” Mormont did not seem pleased. “Craster said much and more last night, and confirmed enough of my fears to condemn me to a sleepless night on his floor. Mance Rayder is gathering his people together in the Frostfangs. That’s why the villages are empty. It is the same tale that Ser Denys Mallister had from the wildling his men captured in the Gorge, but Craster has added the where, and that makes all the difference.”
“Is he making a city, or an army?”
“Now, that is the question. How many wildlings are there? How many men of fighting age? No one knows with certainty. The Frostfangs are cruel, inhospitable, a wilderness of stone and ice. They will not long sustain any great number of people. I can see only one purpose in this gathering. Mance Rayder means to strike south, into the Seven Kingdoms.”
(Jon III, ACoK)
  a wilderness of stone and ice. However, the Halfhand adds his own report.
“The Wall is seven hundred feet high, and so thick at the base that it would take a hundred men a year to cut through it with picks and axes.”
“Even so.”
Mormont plucked at his beard, frowning. “How?”
“How else? Sorcery.” Qhorin bit the egg in half. “Why else would Mance choose to gather his strength in the Frostfangs? Bleak and hard they are, and a long weary march from the Wall.” “I’d hoped he chose the mountains to hide his muster from the eyes of my rangers.” “Perhaps,” said Qhorin, finishing the egg, “but there is more, I think. He is seeking something in the high cold places. He is searching for something he needs.”
“Something?” Mormont’s raven lifted its head and screamed. The sound was sharp as a knife in the closeness of the tent.
“Some power. What it is, our captive could not say. He was questioned perhaps too sharply, and died with much unsaid. I doubt he knew in any case.”
(Jon V, ACoK)

He is seeking something in the high cold places. Note that the Halfhand believes in sorcery. Note the scream of the raven. Someone is listening. Later we would learn from Ygritte.
“Not for fear!” She kicked savagely at the ice beneath her with a heel, chopping out a chunk. “I’m crying because we never found the Horn of Winter. We opened half a hundred graves and let all those shades loose in the world, and never found the Horn of Joramun to bring this cold thing down!”
(Jon VII, ASoS)

I suppose the mention of shades is pure superstition. Ygritte does not say what warded these graves. Iron swords? Jon would tell maester Aemon.
“The Horn of Winter is an ancient legend. Does the King-beyond-the-Wall truly believe that such a thing exists?”
“They all do,” said Jon. “Ygritte said they opened a hundred graves... graves of kings and heroes, all over the valley of the Milkwater, but they never...”
(Jon VI, ASoS)

I don't know what Mance was looking for. But the mystery is long running one, since it covers all books. I can only discuss the mere existence of those graves.

We have no idea who those kings and heroes were. They certainly don't belong to the current wildling culture, since the wildlings burn their deads. I suppose the kings and heroes date from a period when the funerary practices were different. Did they live in the Dawn Age, which followed the arrival of the First Men in Westeros, when men were hostile to the Children of the Forest? My guess is that the Wildlings adopted cremation after the Long Night, because of the fear of having their dead turned into wights, and not before since it was the first time the Others were seen by men in Westeros. So perhaps the kings and heroes date from the Dawn Age, and are in any case First Men. Why would they be buried so high in inhospitable mountains? The Eyrie chapter might give the solution to that riddle.
The builders had intended it as a godswood, but the Eyrie rested on the hard stone of the mountain, and no matter how much soil was hauled up from the Vale, they could not get a weirwood to take root here.
(Catelyn VII, AGoT)

So a weirwood does not seem to grow above a certain altitude. Indeed, the Frostfangs are bare and treeless. So the bones in these high altitude graves would out of reach of the weirwoods of the Children of the Forest. The memories of the kings and heroes wouldn't enter the network of trees controlled by the Greenseers. Recall that during the Dawn Age, Men and Children were enemies.

Mance's search makes me think of the Pact of the children and men. Indeed,
“There they forged the Pact. The First Men were given the coastlands, the high plains and bright meadows, the mountains and bogs, but the deep woods were to remain forever the children’s, and no more weirwoods were to be put to the axe anywhere in the realm. So the gods might bear witness to the signing, every tree on the island was given a face, and afterward, the sacred order of green men was formed to keep watch over the Isle of Faces.
“The Pact began four thousand years of friendship between men and children. In time, the First Men even put aside the gods they had brought with them, and took up the worship of the secret gods of the wood. The signing of the Pact ended the Dawn Age, and began the Age of Heroes.”
(Bran VII, AGoT)

So according to the Pact, the mountains belong to men, and the forest to the children. The Pact was still enduring at the time of Joramun, since Luwin adds.
“Oh, very well,” Luwin muttered. “So long as the kingdoms of the First Men held sway, the
Pact endured, all through the Age of Heroes and the Long Night and the birth of the Seven Kingdoms, yet finally there came a time, many centuries later, when other peoples crossed the narrow sea.
(Bran VII, AGoT)

It seems Joramun lived during the Age of Heroes. And Mance came to the conclusion that such a king has been buried outside the realm of the the children of the forest.

It's worth noting that Mance has searched for the horn in a glacier, which mirrors Euron's quest for his horn in the smoking ruins of Valyria (ice and fire respectively).

We have already mentioned Mance's emblem as the King-beyond-the-Wall: elk antlers and raven wings, which both allude to the children of the forest, and to Coldhands. One wonders whether Mance is not helped by this connection in his quest for the horn of Joramun, and if he has not been guided to the Frostfangs by the children. Otherwise, we might simply suppose that Mance knew the story of the Pact. In any case, Mance's quest seems to imply that the fabled Horn of Joramun is outside the reach of Lord Brynden and the remaining children of the forest. It's difficult to presume what their aim is. But Brynden seems to be able to watch everywhere where there are trees. The children seem to have helped the Watch in the past by offering dragonglass, and there is no sign that they would wish for the destruction of the Wall.

Here is another detail that might add some perspective to Mance's interest in old graves.
The night your father feasted Robert, I sat in the back of his hall on a bench with the other freeriders, listening to Orland of Oldtown play the high harp and sing of dead kings beneath the sea.
(Jon I, ASoS)

The bones of the dead kings beneath the sea might have been buried there to be put out the reach of the weirwoods. Indeed, Gilly tells Sam on the Narrow Sea:
“The trees watch over us,” Gilly whispered, brushing the tears from his cheeks. “In the forest, they see all . . . but there are no trees here. Only water, Sam. Only water.”
(Samwell IV, AFfC)

Orland of Oldtown reappears at Joffrey's wedding. Unfortunately, Joffrey's murder prevents us to hear him sing. Will Orland play a role in the story of Mance's son, who is now in Oldtown?

The way Mance speaks of Orland makes us think of a fraternity of minstrels. After all Mance has learnt his southern songs from someone, I presume a singer like Dareon, that he came across at the Wall. Mance has a passion for wildling music, but the wildlings do not make elaborated instruments like lutes, unless I am mistaken. They have drums and pipes and horns, and probably bone flutes, and perhaps rudimentary lyres. So Mance learned to play the lute and the harp from from someone else than ordinary wildlings, possibly another another black brother.

Let's return to the horn found by Mance.
Two queen’s men brought forth the Horn of Joramun, black and banded with old gold, eight feet long from end to end. Runes were carved into the golden bands, the writing of the First Men. Joramun had died thousands of years ago, but Mance had found his grave beneath a glacier, high up in the Frostfangs. And Joramun blew the Horn of Winter, and woke giants from the earth. Ygritte had told Jon that Mance never found the horn. She lied, or else Mance kept it secret even from his own.
(Jon III, ADwD)
It is sacrificed by Melisandre along Rattleshirt.
The Horn of Joramun burst into flame.
It went up with a whoosh as swirling tongues of green and yellow fire leapt up crackling all along its length. Jon’s garron shied nervously, and up and down the ranks others fought to still their mounts as well. A moan came from the stockade as the free folk saw their hope afire. A few began to shout and curse, but most lapsed into silence. For half a heartbeat the runes graven on the gold bands seemed to shimmer in the air. The queen’s men gave a heave and sent the horn tumbling down into the fire pit.
(Jon III, ADwD)
Tormund seems to regret the loss.
“She burned that fine big horn, aye. A bloody sin, I call it. A thousand years old, that was. We found it in a giant’s grave, and no man o’ us had ever seen a horn so big. That must have been why Mance got the notion to tell you it were Joramun’s. He wanted you crows to think he had it in his power to blow your bloody Wall down about your knees. But we never found the true horn, not for all our digging. If we had, every kneeler in your Seven Kingdoms would have chunks o’ ice to cool his wine all summer.
(Jon XII, ADwD)
The horn definitely recalls Euron's horn.
That horn you heard I found amongst the smoking ruins that were Valyria, where no man has dared to walk but me. You heard its call, and felt its power. It is a dragon horn, bound with bands of red gold and Valyrian steel graven with enchantments. The dragonlords of old sounded such horns, before the Doom devoured them. With this horn, ironmen, I can bind dragons to my will.
(The Drowned Man, AFfC)

Euron's horn has Valyrian glyphs instead of runes (confirmed by Moqorro). The whoosh of the horn in flames with its runes makes me think of the red priest in Volantis.

Benerro jabbed a finger at the moon, made a fist, spread his hands wide. When his voice rose in a crescendo, flames leapt from his fingers with a sudden whoosh and made the crowd gasp. The priest could trace fiery letters in the air as well. Valyrian glyphs.
(Tyrion VII, ADwD)

So it's possible that the "Horn of Joramun" had Valyrian glyphs, or that it has been made from a dragon's horn. Perhaps, Euron's and Joramun's horns were made out of the two horns of the same dragon. However, one is curved and the other is twisted. The only other creatures endowed with such large horns seem to be the larger turtles who swim the Rhoyne. In any case, I tend to believe Tormund's version, which asserts that giants' graves are to be found in the Frostfangs. Did the giant in the grave die when he attempted to blow the horn, just like Euron's mongrel?

Two red priests, Melisandre and Moqorro, came into contact with two similar horns. Note that both recognized the importance of the horns but acted very differently. The burning of the horn is likely to be Melisandre's idea. I'd be curious to learn her reasoning for doing so. Of course, it might only be the necessity to sacrifice something to the Lord of Light.

To return to the Horn of Joramun. Jon Snow remembers what he learned about it.
Joramun had died thousands of years ago, but Mance had found his grave beneath a glacier, high up in the Frostfangs. And Joramun blew the Horn of Winter, and woke giants from the earth.
(Jon III, ASoS)
But Tormund tells it differently.
“Melisandre burned the Horn of Joramun.”
“Did she?” Tormund slapped his thigh and hooted. “She burned that fine big horn, aye. A bloody sin, I call it. A thousand years old, that was. We found it in a giant’s grave, and no man o’ us had ever seen a horn so big. That must have been why Mance got the notion to tell you it were Joramun’s. He
wanted you crows to think he had it in his power to blow your bloody Wall down about your knees. But we never found the true horn, not for all our digging. If we had, every kneeler in your Seven Kingdoms would have chunks o’ ice to cool his wine all summer.”
(Jon XII, ASoS)

So I accept that the horn burned at the Wall was not the Horn of Winter. Of course, that raises questions about the horn found by Ghost near the Fist of the First Men.
Beneath the dragonglass was an old warhorn, made from an auroch’s horn and banded in bronze.
(Jon IV, ACoK)
The warhorn he had given to Sam. On closer examination the horn had proved cracked, and even after he had cleaned all the dirt out, Jon had been unable to get any sound from it. The rim was chipped as well, but Sam liked old things, even worthless old things. “Make a drinking horn out of it,” Jon told him, “and every time you take a drink you’ll remember how you ranged beyond the Wall, all the way to the Fist of the First Men.” He gave Sam a spearhead and a dozen arrowheads as well, and passed the rest out among his other friends for luck.
(Jon V, ACoK)

But I have no opinion on the value of that Horn, which seems more common than Mance's Horn. It doesn't seem very different from the horns the Thenns have with them.

Joramun was a wildling King-beyong-the-Wall, the oldest we hear about.
Aye, and long before them came the Horned Lord and the brother kings Gendel and Gorne, and in ancient days Joramun, who blew the Horn of Winter and woke giants from the earth. Each man of them broke his strength on the Wall, or was broken by the power of Winterfell on the far side . . .
(Jon V, ACoK)
There is an interplay between Joramun's story and the story of Night's King.
The gathering gloom put Bran in mind of another of Old Nan’s stories, the tale of Night’s King. He had been the thirteenth man to lead the Night’s Watch, she said; a warrior who knew no fear. “And that was the fault in him,” she would add, “for all men must know fear.” A woman was his downfall; a woman glimpsed from atop the Wall, with skin as white as the moon and eyes like blue stars. Fearing nothing, he chased her and caught her and loved her, though her skin was cold as ice, and when he gave his seed to her he gave his soul as well.
He brought her back to the Nightfort and proclaimed her a queen and himself her king, and with strange sorceries he bound his Sworn Brothers to his will. For thirteen years they had ruled, Night’s King and his corpse queen, till finally the Stark of Winterfell and Joramun of the wildlings had joined to free the Watch from bondage. After his fall, when it was found he had been sacrificing to the Others, all records of Night’s King had been destroyed, his very name forbidden.
(Bran III, ASoS)

That must have been an interesting time. Since the record on Night's King has been destroyed, and his name forbidden, much has been forgotten about Joramun as well. Our knowledge of Joramun's biography consists in three chapters:
And there is the notion that his Horn would bring down the Wall. Are the three chapters articulated in the following way? Night's King rules the Watch and oppresses the Wildlings beyond the Wall, by sacrificing them. Joramun blows the Horn to break the Wall and invade south, but is stopped by the Stark in Winterfell. Finally Joramun and the Stark ally against Night's King. Or is it that Joramun blew the Horn to defeat Night's King, and destroys the Wall, but is then stopped by the power of Winterfell? And then we would need to explain the role of the giants.

Recall that Old Nan takes for a certainty that Night's King was a Stark. Furthermore, Night's King was the thirteenth commander of the Night's Watch, if the tales are to be believed. If we accept that His "reign" might have come a century after the end of the Long Night. The end of the Long Night came at about the same time than the building of the Wall and of Winterfell, I presume. So all this happened when the Starks and the Wall were young institutions, and when the wildlings had not been isolated by the Wall for long.

When Qhorin and Mormont wonder what Mance is looking for in the Frostfangs, they never consider the Horn of Joramun, even when Qhorin mentions sorcery. But Lord Mormont mentions Joramun as one of the former kings-beyond-the-Wall. We hear for the first time the idea that the Horn would bring down the Wall from Ygritte.

So I am not sure what to think. The idea that the Horn could destroy the Wall does not seem to be known in the Watch. Did Mance and co invent it? In that case, that raises serious questions about the Flints in Winterfell. Indeed, here is one of them when Crowfood blows his horn:
“Do they mean to try and blow our walls down?” japed a Flint when the warhorn sounded once again. “Mayhaps he thinks he’s found the Horn of Joramun.”
(A Ghost in Winterfell, ADwD)

Recall that Old Nan takes for a certainty that Night's King was a Stark, the brother of the Stark of Winterfell. Furthermore, Night's King was the thirteenth commander of the Night's Watch, if the tales are to be believed. If we accept that His "reign" might have come a century after the end of the Long Night. The end of the Long Night came at about the same time than the building of the Wall and of Winterfell. So Joramun is closely related to the Starks, as he was in the middle of a fratricide struggle. If Joramun was ultimately defeated by the Stark in Winterfell, it is possible that the Starks took the horn and buried it under Winterfell with their dead. We have no indication that the Starks put anything of value in the tombs, though. In any case, the First Men had the habit of engraving runes on the tombs of their kings, as we see in Oldstones.
The lid of the sepulcher had been carved into a likeness of the man whose bones lay beneath, but the rain and the wind had done their work. The king had worn a beard, they could see, but otherwise his face was smooth and featureless, with only vague suggestions of a mouth, a nose, eyes, and the crown about the temples. His hands folded over the shaft of a stone warhammer that lay upon his chest. Once the warhammer would have been carved with runes that told its name and history, but all that the centuries had worn away. The stone itself was cracked and crumbling at the comers, discolored here and there by spreading white splotches of lichen, while wild roses crept up over the king’s feet almost to his chest.
(Catelyn V, ASoS)

So something on the story of the Stark that defeated Joramun and Night's King has to be written somewhere in the deepest level of the crypts. That might be what Mance is thinking as he comes to Winterfell. And Mance might continue his failed quest of the Frostfangs in the crypts of Winterfell. We do not know whether Mance, or any other character, can read runes.

However, when the horn is burned at the Wall.
Runes were carved into the golden bands, the writing of the First Men. Joramun had died thousands of years ago, but Mance had found his grave beneath a glacier, high up in the Frostfangs.
(Jon III, ADwD)

We don't know if Mance found Joramun's grave. But it seems Mance could recognize the grave, and that could only be by reading runes. So, either Mance can read runes, or someone with him could.

Mance would never reveal either to Jon or (under all appearances) to Melisandre, his new friend, that the horn found in the Frostfangs was not the true Horn of Joramun. By contrast, Ygritte told Jon of Mance's failure in his quest, and much later Tormund revealed the ploy at his return to the Wall. Note that he is not entirely sure of Mance's reasoning (That must have been why Mance got the notion to tell you it were Joramun’s.) Val didn't reveal it either. It might indicate that Mance still nurtures the hope to find the true Horn.



9. The Conqueror

Whatever qualities Mance had as a King, he seems to be a mediocre battle commander. His entreprise to conquer the Wall has failed largely because of his mistakes. Chiefly, he trusted Jon Snow. Otherwise, the Thenns would have conquered Castle Black. The battle at the Wall was lost partly in reason of the fierce resistance led by Jon Snow and mainly because of the arrival of Stannis. Of course, nobody could have expected that an army would sail from Dragonstone to save the Wall. But Maester Aemon had appealed to all the realm, particular to the northmen. It was to be expected that some force would be sent for the defense of the Wall. So Mance should not be entirely absolved for not thinking that an army would come to the rescue the Night's Watch. Moreover, Mance's host was defeated by what was, after all, a modest army by the standards of the Seven Kingdoms.

In all frankness, Mance's inability or unwillingness to enforce military discipline makes him all the more sympathetic.

But this inability to lead was to be expected. When your personal philosophy is all about personal freedom, how can you lead an effective army?

I will not discuss Mance's tactics in his failed conquest of the Wall, but rather what Mance planned to do had he conquered the Wall. Several King-Beyond-the-Wall had come south of the Wall in the past, as Mance says:
“Raymun Redbeard, Bael the Bard, Gendel and Gorne, the Horned Lord, they all came south to conquer, but I’ve come with my tail between my legs to hide behind your Wall.”
(Jon X, ASoS)
Before, Jon Snow and Lord Mormont had discussed the question.
“Wildlings have invaded the realm before.” Jon had heard the tales from Old Nan and Maester Luwin both, back at Winterfell. “Raymun Redbeard led them south in the time of my grandfather’s grandfather, and before him there was a king named Bael the Bard.”
“Aye, and long before them came the Horned Lord and the brother kings Gendel and Gorne, and in ancient days Joramun, who blew the Horn of Winter and woke giants from the earth. Each man of them broke his strength on the Wall, or was broken by the power of Winterfell on the far side . . . but the Night’s Watch is only a shadow of what we were, and who remains to oppose the wildlings besides us? The Lord of Winterfell is dead, and his heir has marched his strength south to fight the Lannisters. The wildlings may never again have such a chance as this. I knew Mance Rayder, Jon. He is an oathbreaker, yes . . . but he has eyes to see, and no man has ever dared to name him faint heart.”
(Jon V, ACoK)
The story the last of the King-beyond-the-Wall, Raymun Redbeard, is told in more detail.
If the climbers reached the top of the Wall undetected, however, everything changed. Given time, they could carve out a toehold for themselves up there, throwing up ramparts of their own and dropping ropes and ladders for thousands more to clamber over after them. That was how Raymun Redbeard had done it, Raymun who had been King-beyond-the-Wall in the days of his grandfather’s grandfather. Jack Musgood had been the lord commander in those days. Jolly Jack, he was called before Redbeard came down upon the north; Sleepy Jack, forever after. Raymun’s host had met a bloody end on the shores of Long Lake, caught between Lord Willam of Winterfell and the Drunken Giant, Harmond Umber. Red-beard had been slain by Artos the Implacable, Lord Willam’s younger brother. The Watch arrived too late to fight the wildlings, but in time to bury them, the task that Artos Stark assigned them in his wroth as he grieved above the headless corpse of his fallen brother.
(Jon II, ADwD)

In effect, a host of wildlings is to be defeated by any disciplined army, like the one brought by Stannis beyond the Wall. After the Wall, the natural defenders of the Realm are the Starks and the lords of the northernmost lands: the Umbers and the mountain clans. Mance knew all these stories better than anyone. Certainly he had planned for his people beyond the Wall.

Disguised as Rattleshirt, Mance says
A man who has climbed the Wall half a hundred times can climb in a window easy enough.
(Melisandre, ADwD)

I believe the words sincerely come from Mance. What did he do so many times south of the Wall? I guess Mance prepared somehow the coming of his people to the Seven Kingdoms. It might have to do with Dalla and the intriguing resemblance with the Moonsinger tradition. Of course the War of the Five Kings was a providential opportunity to sneak in the Seven Kingdoms. But in the long term, there is no place for the wildlings in a feudal society. Jon said so to Ygritte:
 “I don’t doubt that you’re all very brave, but when it comes to battle, discipline beats valor every time. In the end Mance will fail as all the Kings-beyond-the-Wall have failed before him. And when he does, you’ll die. All of you.”
(Jon V, ASoS)
Nevertheless, Mance had no plan to integrate the Free Folk to the Seven Kingdoms and said so to Jon.
“You can kill your enemies,” Jon said bluntly, “but can you rule your friends? If we let your people pass, are you strong enough to make them keep the king’s peace and obey the laws?”
“Whose laws? The laws of Winterfell and King’s Landing?” Mance laughed. “When we want laws we’ll make our own. You can keep your king’s justice too, and your king’s taxes. I’m offering you the horn, not our freedom. We will not kneel to you.”

(Jon X, ASoS)

The point is repetitively made that even in the case the Free Folk conquer the Wall, the wildlings will never be tolerated south of the Wall, as historical precedents have shown. It is a mystery that Mance is well aware of this, never seems worried and never spells out his plan.

The first people Mance would have met south of the Gift are the Mountain clans and the Umbers.

We can examine the relation to the mountain clans. There are a few hints that Mance had contacts with them. The first hint is given by Jon when he advises Stannis to pay a visit to the clans.
“Ask, I said, not beg.” Jon pulled back his hand. “It is no good sending messages. Your Grace will need to go to them yourself. Eat their bread and salt, drink their ale, listen to their pipers, praise the beauty of their daughters and the courage of their sons, and you’ll have their swords. The clans have not seen a king since Torrhen Stark bent his knee. Your coming does them honor. Command them to fight for you, and they will look at one another and say, ‘Who is this man? He is no king of mine.’ ”
(Jon IV, ADwD)

So visiting the clans in quality of King-beyond-the-Wall could have earned Mance friends in the mountains. In fact, he could have gained respect in another way.
Clan champions fight with huge two-handed greatswords, while the common men sling stones and batter one another with staffs of mountain ash.
(Jon IV, ADwD)
When Mance, disguised as Rattleshirt, fights Jon Snow, here is his weapon of choice.
The wildling waved away the shield Horse offered him. Instead he asked for a two-handed sword.
(Jon VI, ADwD)

Mance is a formidable fighter who had established his valor versus all would-be-Kings-Beyond-the-Wall. When (what was believed to be) Mance's son is in need of a milkmaid, Old Flint and The Norrey show up at the Wall for Alys Karstark's wedding.
Old Flint and The Norrey had been given places of high honor just below the dais. Both men had been too old to march with Stannis; they had sent their sons and grandsons in their stead. But they had been quick enough to descend on Castle Black for the wedding. Each had brought a wet nurse to the Wall as well.
(Jon X, ADwD)

Why such diligence for Mance if they do not have respect for the former King-beyond-the-Wall?

I find odd that the mountain clans did not answer maester Aemon's call for help. We see that they can mobilize thousands of men for Stannis, we see that Old Flint and the Norrey come swiftly for Alys Karstark's wedding. How is it that they did not send help to the Wall when it was under attack by Mance's host?

Finally, there is a curious hint. The mountain clans call their chiefs "The Norrey", "The Wull" etc. Ned Stark is "The Ned" for them. When Jon Snow asks Mance how the King-beyond-the-Wall should be addressed.
I’m Mance to most, The Mance to some.
(Jon I, ASoS)

The connection between Mance and the Umbers are less clear. First, both Mors and Hother have a solid hate of the wildlings. Indeed, Mors' daughter has been kidnapped by raiders. Stannis tell us how hostile Mors is to Mance.
“Half of them, and only if I meet this Crowfood’s price,” said Stannis, in an irritated tone. “He wants Mance Rayder’s skull for a drinking cup, and he wants a pardon for his brother, who has ridden south to join Bolton. Whoresbane, he’s called.”
(Jon IV, ADwD)
 
At the Harvest Feast in Winterfell, we hear Hother complain about the wildling raiders who come via the Bay of Seals. Mance has been to the Umber domains at least once. Here was his itinirary to go to Winterfell.
The Wall can stop an army, but not a man alone. I took a lute and a bag of silver, scaled the ice near Long Barrow, walked a few leagues south of the New Gift, and bought a horse.
(Jon I, ASoS)

Long Barrow is east of Castle Black, close to Eastwatch. So Mance necessarily crossed the vast Umber Lands. Mance even managed to buy a horse. We are told that the Umber keep a close eye on their lands.
Those are Umber lands, where they know every tree and every rock. The kingsroad runs along their western marches for a hundred leagues. Mors will cut your host to pieces unless you meet his terms and win him to your cause.
(Jon IV, ASoS)
At least, it means that Mance is at ease with traveling in this territory.

However, just before the battle at the Wall, maester Aemon asked the whole realm for help, sending two ravens to every destination in the north.
To the Umbers and the Boltons, to Castle Cerwyn and Torrhen’s Square, Karhold and Deepwood Motte, to Bear Island, Oldcastle, Widow’s Watch, White Harbor, Barrowton, and the Rills, to the mountain fastnesses of the Liddles, the Burleys, the Norreys, the Harclays, and the Wulls, the black birds brought their plea. Wildlings at the gate. The north in danger. Come with all your strength.
(Jon VII, ASoS)

One can understand that many northern houses were unable to offer much because of the war of the Five Kings and because of the disaster of the Battle of Winterfell. However, the mountain clans did not participate to either war. The Umbers had massed men beyond the Last River before the battle in Winterfell. The absence of the Umbers during the sack of Winterfell is one of the unsolved mysteries of ACoK, especially since we know they had troops ready. They did not send a single man to defend Castle Black, despite living relatively close, despite the dire needs of the Night's Watch, and despite the the Umber tradition of guarding the realm against the wildlings. Just a few generations ago, Raymun Redbeard had been smashed by a Stark-Umber coalition.

What were the Umbers and the clans doing when Mance was on the brink of breaking the Night's Watch?


10. Aemon Steelsong

It is the name Sam and Gilly have chosen for Mance's son, to be declared after the boy has reached his second birthday. The baby seems strong and healthy, since he outgrew Gilly's son. We saw already the interest the mountain clans have in Mance's son.

We never see Mance express grief at Dalla's death, or any desire to see his son, or any wish for the wellbeing of the child. I assume that happened out of our view, since Dalla was so dear to Mance. Of course, Val knows about the baby switch, in the quality of wisewoman and caregiver of the baby during the early monthes and Melisandre as well. There is this interesting exchange as Val leaves the Wall.
“Monster?”
“His milk name. I had to call him something. See that he stays safe and warm. For his mother’s sake, and mine. And keep him away from the red woman. She knows who he is. She sees things in her fires.”
Arya, he thought, hoping it was so. “Ashes and cinders.”
“Kings and dragons.”
Dragons again. For a moment Jon could almost see them too, coiling in the night, their dark wings outlined against a sea of flame. “If she knew, she would have taken the boy away from us. Dalla’s boy, not your monster. A word in the king’s ear would have been the end of it.” And of me. Stannis would have taken it for treason. “Why let it happen if she knew?”
“Because it suited her. Fire is a fickle thing. No one knows which way a flame will go.”
(Jon VIII, ADwD)
Nevertheless, Melisandre believes the son to be dear to Mance.
“Our false king has a prickly manner,” Melisandre told Jon Snow, “but he will not betray you. We hold his son, remember. And he owes you his very life.”
(Melisandre, ADwD)

The attachment of Mance to his son, might be a way for Melisandre to rationalize Mance's servitude in a manner that Jon would accept. But in the earlier conversation between Mance and Melisandre, the question of Mance's son never arises. As if the motivation for Mance's mission wasn't the situation of his son as hostage. Both Val and Melisandre know that Mance's son went away with Gilly. Val seems to know that Mance is alive, but perhaps not that he is disguised as Rattleshirt. So she might not have been able to tell Mance. However, it's an open question to determine whether Mance knows his son is on the way to Oldtown.

Here is the earliest description we have of Mance's son.
The boy did not have a name yet, no more than Gilly’s did. That was the wildling way. Not even Mance Rayder’s son would get a name till his third year, it would seem, though Sam had heard the brothers calling him “the little prince” and “born-in-battle.”
(Samwell IV, ASoS)

The insistence of the men of the Watch, later of Selyse, of Stannis to call the boy little prince is queer. It seems they see in him much value. Does this value derive from Dalla or Mance?

The future of the boy is interesting. The last time we see him, he is with his wet nurse Gilly aboard the Cinnamon Wind, as Sam is about to pay a visit to the Citadel, he talks to Kojja Mo.
“Can Gilly stay aboard till I return?”
“Gilly can stay as long as she likes.” She poked Sam in the belly with a finger. “She does not eat so much as some.”
(Samwell V, AFfC)
Later in the day, Sam told his whole story to Alleras, with a little restriction.
He held back only the secrets that he was sworn to keep, about Bran Stark and his companions and the babes Jon Snow had
swapped.
(Samwell V, AFfC)
And repeated it to Marwyn. Here is Marwyn's reaction.
“Get myself to Slaver’s Bay, in Aemon’s place. The swan ship that delivered Slayer should serve my needs well enough. The grey sheep will send their man on a galley, I don’t doubt. With fair winds I should reach her first.”
[...]
“Sphinx, look after this one.”
“I will,” Alleras answered, but the archmaester was already gone. They heard his boots stomping down the steps.
“Where has he gone?” asked Sam, bewildered.
“To the docks. The Mage is not a man who believes in wasting time.”
(Samwell V, AFfC)

It seems to me that Marwyn is about to take Gilly, Mance's son and Aemon's corpse with him to Slaver's Bay on the Cinnamon Wind. Didn't Kojja Mo say: Gilly can stay as long as she likes?

Indeed, Aemon's corpse is still aboard.
He will still burn, Sam thought miserably, only now I have to do it. The Targaryens always gave their fallen to the flames. Quhuru Mo would not allow a funeral pyre aboard the Cinnamon Wind, so Aemon’s corpse had been stuffed inside a cask of blackbelly rum to preserve it until the ship reached Oldtown.
(Samwell IV, AFfC)

We know little of Marwyn, and even less of what he has understood of Sam's story, especially what concerns the baby switch. But it seems to me that there is an extraordinary value in Mance's son, and that it is no accident that Marwyn will bring him to Slaver's Bay. The more I think of it, the more I think that the arrival of the ship of the Summer Islander is a bit too providential, especially since Marwyn has been watching the arrival of the ship all along with the glass candles. It leaves me to wonder whether Marwyn did not arrange for the ship to pick both Aemons in Braavos. It might even be that the destination of the ship will be more to the east than Slaver's Bay: Asshai, from where the silk, and perhaps the sorcery, that changed the course of Mance's life came from.

One wonders what role Val played in the baby switch. Indeed, she insisted that Melisandre would burn the baby, and might have manipulated Jon Snow.


11. The offering to R'hllor

Mance has miraculously escaped R'hllor's fire, making him a member of Jaqen H'ghar's club – and the life due to the red god has been paid by Rattleshirt. It seems Stannis was most insistent to burn his fellow king as deserter to the Night's Watch.
“I have spent hours speaking with the man. He knows much and more of our true enemy, and there is cunning in him, I’ll grant you. Even if he were to renounce his kingship, though, the man remains an oathbreaker. Suffer one deserter to live, and you encourage others to desert. No. Laws should be made of iron, not of pudding. Mance Rayder’s life is forfeit by every law of the Seven Kingdoms.”
(Jon I,  ADwD)

I wonder what Mance told Stannis. I suspect that Val's subsequent preferential treatment comes from that conversation. Indeed, Dalla, and by extension Val, seemed the one to have knowledge about the Others. Like Tormund, Stannis insists on Mance's cunning.

If Dalla and Mance's son have a claim to royalty, as some seem to believe, it does not derive from Mance, but rather from Val and Dalla's family, whatever it is.

Val tried desperately to intercede.
Val begged the king to spare him. She said she’d let some kneeler marry her and never slit his throat if only Mance could live.
(Jon II, ADwD)

I suspect Val did not intercede for nothing, and was asked to do something in return. Indeed, she played a prominent role in Melisandre's ceremony.
The king’s eyes were blue bruises, sunk deep in a hollow face. He wore grey plate, a fur-trimmed cloak of cloth-of-gold flowing from his broad shoulders. His breastplate had a flaming heart inlaid above his own. Girding his brows was a red-gold crown with points like twisting flames. Val stood beside him, tall and fair. They had crowned her with a simple circlet of dark bronze, yet she looked more regal in bronze than Stannis did in gold. Her eyes were grey and fearless, unflinching. Beneath an ermine cloak, she wore white and gold. Her honey-blond hair had been done up in a thick braid that hung over her right shoulder to her waist. The chill in the air had put color in her cheeks.
(Jon III, ADwD)

It seems that she played her role willingly. I suppose that Melisandre agreed to spare Mance under the condition that Val would appear at the ceremony. I would be surprised if Val didn't know that Mance has been saved. Indeed, she shows no emotion when Mance is seen by all on the pyre.
Val stood on the platform as still as if she had been carved of salt. She will not weep nor look away. Jon wondered what Ygritte would have done in her place. The women are the strong ones.
(Jon III, ADwD)

In my opinion, Jon is mistaken and Val knew that Mance has been spared. We will return to the relations between Melisandre and Val.

How is it that Melisandre agreed to burn a common man in place of a king? We were told all along that king's blood is important for R'hllor. The initiative carries much risk, especially since it is a treason of Stannis and a deception for all the followers of the red god.


12. The Lord of Bones

After his false execution, Mance spent some time in Rattleshirt's guise: an assortment of bones, including a giant's skull as a helm. Here is the original Lord o' bones as he approaches Jon and Qhorin.
Their leader came on alone, riding a beast that seemed more goat than horse, from the surefooted way it climbed the uneven slope. As man and mount grew nearer Jon could hear them clattering; both were armored in bones. Cow bones, sheep bones, the bones of goats and aurochs and elk, the great bones of the hairy mammoths . . . and human bones as well.
“Rattleshirt,” Qhorin called down, icy-polite.
“To crows I be the Lord o’ Bones.” The rider’s helm was made from the broken skull of a giant, and all up and down his arms bearclaws had been sewn to his boiled leather.
Qhorin snorted. “I see no lord. Only a dog dressed in chickenbones, who rattles when he rides.”
The wildling hissed in anger, and his mount reared. He did rattle, Jon could hear it; the bones were strung together loosely, so they clacked and clattered when he moved.
(Jon VIII, ACoK)

I wonder what does the title "Lord of Bones" mean? First recall Melisandre's pronouncement: "The bones remember". It seems important in the north to bring back the bones of the deceased. The Lord of Bones would seem to be a priest's title. And it evokes some form of necromancy. But we never saw Rattleshirt perform any ritual or play any role of a religious nature. He appeared to us as an ordinary raider, a rather mean character, with some status among the wildlings but devoid of any particular wisdom. However, it may be that in the past the role of Lord of Bones meant something serious, which has been lost when the wildling took the habit of burning their dead.

I find interesting to compare the Lord of Bones to the Silent Sisters, whose role is to recover and transport the bones of the deceased. The Silent Sisters are reputed to speak with the dead, since they do not speak to the living anymore. I wouldn't be surprised if the Lord of Bones were able to communicate with the dead. In particular, I wonder if the Lord of Bones' assistance wasn't helpful to Mance when he was opening those graves in the Frostfangs.

I am intrigued by Rattleshirt's mount: is it a horse that resemble a goat in its ability to walk on mountainous terrain? Or is really an animal that Jon Snow can not identify? That reminds me of Coldhands, and of the fact that the Children of the Forest had no horse. Did the beast come with the office of "Lord of Bones"? The most significant piece in Rattleshirt costume is certainly the giant's skull. Was this giant the original Lord of Bones long ago? Or is the title inherited from the Giant Folk somehow? Just after Orell, in his second life as an eagle, had attacked Jon Snow, he perched himself on the giant skull.
“There’s your hellcrow!” Rattleshirt pointed at Jon. “Bleeding in the mud like a faithless dog!”
The eagle came flapping down to land atop the broken giant’s skull that served him for his helm.
(Jon II, ASoS)

By assuming the guise of the Lord of Bones, Mance might have inherited a title of some consequence, which meant little for a common man like Rattleshirt, but which could fulfill its potential in Mance. Mance has assumed the guise of Lord of Bones for months in Castle Black. It was done using magic, glamor. I am tempted to liken this to warging, and to the change of faces of the faceless men. In those cases, the change of bodily shape leaves a mark on the mind and the soul. So it seems legitimate to ask whether Mance has been affected internally by his disguise, especially since Melisandre tells us that "The bones remember".

Did Mance bring along the Lord of Bones' attire in Winterfell?

All this is largely conjectural, but could prove relevant in the crypts of Winterfell. Indeed, the title of Lord of Bones might mean something for the dead under Winterfell.

There might be another connection to the dead. When he left the Wall as the Lord of Bones, Mance's destination had been determined by Melisandre: Long Lake. As it happens, there are bones on the shores of Long Lake. 
If the climbers reached the top of the Wall undetected, however, everything changed. Given time, they could carve out a toehold for themselves up there, throwing up ramparts of their own and dropping ropes and ladders for thousands more to clamber over after them. That was how Raymun Redbeard had done it, Raymun who had been King-Beyond-the-Wall in the days of his grandfather’s grandfather. Jack Musgood had been the lord commander in those days. Jolly Jack, he was called before Redbeard came down upon the north; Sleepy Jack, forever after. Raymun’s host had met a bloody end on the shores of Long Lake, caught between Lord Willam of Winterfell and the Drunken Giant, Harmond Umber. Red-beard had been slain by Artos the Implacable, Lord Willam’s younger brother. The Watch arrived too late to fight the wildlings, but in time to bury them, the task that Artos Stark assigned them in his wroth as he grieved above the headless corpse of his fallen brother.
(Jon II, ADwD)

The wildling dead on the shores have not been burned, contrary to their traditions. I wonder about the consequences.

As Rattleshirt, Mance said a few things that deserve some attention.

First, in a counsel held by Stannis.
Jon was aghast. “Your Grace, this man cannot be trusted. If I keep him here, someone will slit his throat for him. If I send him ranging, he’ll just go back over to the wildlings.”
“Not me. I’m done with those bloody fools.”  Rattleshirt  tapped the ruby on his wrist. “Ask your red witch, bastard.”
(Jon IV, ADwD)
And a moment later.
“I’ll range for you, bastard,” Rattleshirt  declared. “I’ll give you sage counsel or sing you pretty songs, as you prefer. I’ll even fight for you. Just don’t ask me to wear your cloak.”
(Jon IV, ADwD)

I hear those words as spoken sincerely by Mance – the "pretty songs" part is telling. Then the "I'm done with those bloody fools" needs to be thought about. Has Mance abandoned the cause of the Free Folk? I'll be content with understanding that he has given up the kingship-beyond-the-Wall. The significance of the knee bent to Stannis is not clear. In any case, Mance seems to respect the Night's Watch role of fighting the Others, and is even willing to contribute.

To Melisandre, not pretending to be Rattleshirt, he says:
The wildling began to scrape the dirt out from beneath his nails with the point of his dagger. “I’ve sung my songs, fought my battles, drunk summer wine, tasted the Dornishman’s wife. A man should die the way he’s lived. For me that’s steel in hand.”
(Melisandre, ADwD)
But Melisandre understands that Mance still cares about the Free Folk.
“Cutting out the eyes, that’s the Weeper’s work. The best crow’s a blind crow, he likes to say. Sometimes I think he’d like to cut out his own eyes, the way they’re always watering and itching. Snow’s been assuming the free folk would turn to Tormund to lead them, because that’s what he would do. He liked Tormund, and the old fraud liked him too. If it’s the Weeper, though ... that’s not good. Not for him, and not for us.”
Melisandre nodded solemnly, as if she had taken his words to heart, but this Weeper did not matter. None of his free folk mattered. They were a lost people, a doomed people, destined to vanish from the earth, as the children of the forest had vanished. Those were not words he would wish to hear, though, and she could not risk losing him, not now.
(Melisandre, ADwD)

More interestingly, even Mance seems interested in finding Tormund. Posing as Rattleshirt, Mance tells Jon Snow.
“I could visit you as easily, my lord. Those guards at your door are a bad jape. A man who has climbed the Wall half a hundred times can climb in a window easy enough. But what good would come of killing you? The crows would only choose someone worse.” He chewed, swallowed. “I heard about your rangers. You should have sent me with them.”
(Melisandre, ADwD)

Mance was very willing to go ranging beyond the Wall. Apparently he intended to find Tormund. A mission that would later be given to Val.

One wonders whether Mance could communicate with Val in Castle Black. There are two hints that it might have happened. Recall that Val was confined to the King's Tower. But Mance said that he could climb a window easily enough. Furthermore, before she left the Wall, Val said something about Melisandre.

“His milk name. I had to call him something. See that he stays safe and warm. For his mother’s sake, and mine. And keep him away from the red woman. She knows who he is. She sees things in her fires.”
Arya, he thought, hoping it was so. “Ashes and cinders.”
“Kings and dragons.”
Dragons again. For a moment Jon could almost see them too, coiling in the night, their dark wings outlined against a sea of flame. “If she knew, she would have taken the boy away from us. Dalla’s boy, not your monster. A word in the king’s ear would have been the end of it.” And of me. Stannis would have taken it for treason. “Why let it happen if she knew?”
“Because it suited her. Fire is a fickle thing. No one knows which way a flame will go.”


(Jon VIII, ADwD)

Who, but Mance, could have told Val about Melisandre's visions? If Mance and Val could communicate, then Mance knows that his son is not prisoner at Castle Black.

But Jon finally sends Val to look for Tormund. If Val and Mance could communicate before Mance left, then whatever Mance had in mind could have been accomplished by Val.

As "Rattleshirt", Mance has witnessed a very interesting scene, just after he had given Jon Snow a lesson in sword fight.
He turned to find Clydas standing beneath the broken archway, a parchment in his hand. “From Stannis?” Jon had been hoping for some word from the king.
[…]
“Is it Deepwood?”
Jon saw no reason not to tell him. “Moat Cailin is taken. The flayed corpses of the ironmen have been nailed to posts along the kingsroad. Roose Bolton summons all leal lords to Barrowton, to affirm their loyalty to the Iron Throne and celebrate his son’s wedding to ...” His heart seemed to stop for a moment. No, that is not possible. She died in King’s Landing, with Father.
“Lord Snow?” Clydas peered at him closely with his dim pink eyes. “Are you ... unwell? You seem ...”
“He’s to marry Arya Stark. My little sister.” Jon could almost see her in that moment, long-faced and gawky, all knobby knees and sharp elbows, with her dirty face and tangled hair. They would wash the one and comb the other, he did not doubt, but he could not imagine Arya in a wedding gown, nor Ramsay Bolton’s bed. No matter how afraid she is, she will not show it. If he tries to lay a hand on her, she’ll fight him.
“Your sister,” Iron Emmett said, “how old is ...”
By now she’d be eleven, Jon thought. Still a child. “I have no sister. Only brothers. Only you.” Lady Catelyn would have rejoiced to hear those words, he knew. That did not make them easier to say. His fingers closed around the parchment. Would that they could crush Ramsay Bolton’s throat as easily.
Clydas cleared his throat. “Will there be an answer?”
Jon shook his head and walked away.
By nightfall the bruises that Rattleshirt had given him had turned purple. “They’ll go yellow before they fade away,” he told Mormont’s raven. “I’ll look as sallow as the Lord of Bones.”
(Jon VI, ADwD)
Mance could not have missed the effect on Jon Snow the letter has produced.

After that moment, he knows how distressed is Jon Snow at the idea that Arya would wed Ramsay. I would even guess he is the one that suggested to Melisandre the rescue mission. Indeed the following night, after Melisandre has made the daily fire ritual at dusk, Jon meets her and she uses Arya to try to gain Jon to her cause for the first time.
“The heart is all that matters. Do not despair, Lord Snow. Despair is a weapon of the enemy, whose name may not be spoken. Your sister is not lost to you.”
“I have no sister.” The words were knives. What do you know of my heart, priestess? What do you know of my sister?
Melisandre seemed amused. “What is her name, this little sister that you do not have?”
“Arya.” His voice was hoarse. “My half-sister, truly ...”
“... for you are bastard born. I had not forgotten. I have seen your sister in my fires, fleeing from this marriage they have made for her. Coming here, to you. A girl in grey on a dying horse, I have seen it plain as day. It has not happened yet, but it will.” She gazed at Ghost. “May I touch your ... wolf?”
(Jon VI,  ADwD)
It's time to turn to Melisandre.


13. The tale of Red and Black

Let's return now to the story of the wise woman who healed Mance. The silk she used was found by her grandmother in a wreck from Asshai. How could those poor wildlings know the cog came from Asshai? The place is unknown beyond the Wall. It might be known on the Wall by certain maester and highborn brothers that a sort of red silk comes from Asshai. Since Mance spent practically no time on the Wall after his return, it is unlikely anybody told him. And Maester Mullin, at the Shadow tower, is said to be more warrior than scholar. It would be tempting to guess several things: the cog was a slaver's ship, indeed the region has practically nothing to offer for trade and a cog is a large ship, suitable to transport a large number of people. And, it appears unlikely to me that a cog from Asshai would come to this coast of Westeros, and be wrecked on the Frozen Shore. I don't think we ever saw a ship from Asshai in Oldtown or in King's Landing. Perhaps, some people aboard survived and the grandmother of the wise woman was from Asshai. It's likely that we will not know.

It is tempting to believe that the silk had a power over Mance. Indeed the notion of getting rid of the cloak was insufferable for him and enticed him to desert the Watch. Even after leaving the Watch, Mance always kept the cloak on him.

Much later, Mance had another encounter with red silk from Asshai. Here is the description of Melisandre:
As ever, she wore red head to heel, a long loose gown of flowing silk as bright as fire, with dagged sleeves and deep slashes in the bodice that showed glimpses of a darker bloodred fabric beneath. Around her throat was a red gold choker tighter than any maester’s chain, ornamented with a single great ruby.
(Prologue, ACoK)

It's not said explicitly that the silk is from Asshai. But Melisandre surely is. It's never said explicitly that her robes are magical. But it's clear that the ruby at her throat is. We never know why Melisandre decided to spare Mance of Stannis' pyre. Melisandre herself does not seem to know. Indeed she asks herself:
Was I wrong to spare this one?
(Melisandre, ADwD)
But the intervention of Melisandre came with a price.
Rattleshirt sat scratching at the manacle on his wrist with a cracked yellow fingernail. Brown stubble covered his sunken cheeks and receding chin, and strands of dirty hair hung across his eyes. “Here he comes,” he said when he saw Jon, “the brave boy who slew Mance Rayder when he was caged and bound.” The big square-cut gem that adorned his iron cuff glimmered redly. “Do you like my ruby, Snow? A token o’ love from Lady Red.”
(Jon IV, ADwD)
And later Stannis offers "Rattleshirt" to Jon Snow.
“As you wish. I have a gift for you, Lord Snow.” The king waved a hand at Rattleshirt. “Him.”
Lady Melisandre smiled. “You did say you wanted men, Lord Snow. I believe our Lord of Bones still qualifies.”
Jon was aghast. “Your Grace, this man cannot be trusted. If I keep him here, someone will slit his throat for him. If I send him ranging, he’ll just go back over to the wildlings.”
“Not me. I’m done with those bloody fools.” Rattleshirt tapped the ruby on his wrist. “Ask your red witch, bastard.”
Melisandre spoke softly in a strange tongue. The ruby at her throat throbbed slowly, and Jon saw that the smaller stone on Rattleshirt’s wrist was brightening and darkening as well. “So long as he wears the gem he is bound to me, blood and soul,” the red priestess said. “This man will serve you faithfully. The flames do not lie, Lord Snow.”
Perhaps not, Jon thought, but you do.
“I’ll range for you, bastard,” Rattleshirt declared. “I’ll give you sage counsel or sing you pretty songs, as you prefer. I’ll even fight for you. Just don’t ask me to wear your cloak.”
(Jon IV, ADwD)

Note how Mance claims to be disinterested in the Free Folk. Melisandre seems to think Mance is now her slave. We learn more later in the conversation between Mance and Melisandre.

“The glamor, aye.” In the black iron fetter about his wrist, the ruby seemed to pulse. He tapped it with the edge of his blade. The steel made a faint click against the stone. “I feel it when I sleep. Warm against my skin, even through the iron. Soft as a woman’s kiss. Your kiss. But sometimes in my dreams it starts to burn, and your lips turn into teeth. Every day I think how easy it would be to pry it out, and every day I don’t. Must I wear the bloody bones as well?”
“The spell is made of shadow and suggestion. Men see what they expect to see. The bones are part of that.” Was I wrong to spare this one? “If the glamor fails, they will kill you.”
(Melisandre, ADwD)

Mance's attachment to the ruby seems similar to his former attachment to the cloak: he wouldn't separate himself from from the gemstone for any reason, and he can't rationalize his attachment. The ruby does not come alone on Mance's wrist, since In the black iron fetter about his wrist, the ruby seemed to pulse.

We see again the association of the colors black and red, as if the manacle had replaced the red and black cloak that was Mance's hallmark in his prior life. As I write, I think that, in a maester's chain, black iron is the metal associated to ravencraft.

While I am mentioning not necessarily significant factoids: red and black are the colors of House Qorgyle in Dorne, as Podrick Payne recognizes when the Dornish banners approach King's Landing.
“They’re scorpions, ser. House Qorgyle  of Sandstone, three scorpions black on red.”
(Tyrion V, ASoS)
So the colors are those of one of the influential characters of Mance early life.

It remains to see whether Melisandre's control over Mance is as strong as she believes. In any case, it is tempting to see her influence on Mance as simply the continuation of the influence of the wildling wisewoman who sew the cloak.

When Mance is falsely burned at the Wall. Jon Snow has a thought for the cloak.
They could have let him keep his cloak, Jon Snow thought, the one the wildling woman patched with strips of crimson silk.
(Jon III, ADwD)

Melisandre has kept the silk for another purpose, it seems. Here is the Thenn's cloak for the marriage with Alys Karstark.
Like so much else, heraldry ended at the Wall. The Thenns had no family arms as was customary amongst the nobles of the Seven Kingdoms, so Jon told the stewards to improvise. He thought they had done well. The bride’s cloak Sigorn fastened about Lady Alys’s shoulders showed a bronze disk on a field of white wool, surrounded by flames made with wisps of crimson silk. The echo of the Karstark sunburst was there for those who cared to look, but differenced to make the arms appropriate for House Thenn.
(Jon X, ADwD)

If the silk on Mance's cloak was magical, then the same magic is operating on the Magnar of Thenn. Some magic from Asshai, I suppose.

The combination of silk and gemstone (always of assorted colors) happens from time to time in the Seven Kingdoms and beyond. Notably, there is the passage where Young Griff passes as Aegon and attempts to gain the Golden Company to his cause. His brilliant success had been prepared as follows.
When the lad emerged from the cabin with Lemore by his side, Griff looked him over carefully from head to heel. The prince wore sword and dagger, black boots polished to a high sheen, a black cloak lined with blood-red silk. With his hair washed and cut and freshly dyed a deep, dark blue, his eyes looked blue as well. At his throat he wore three huge square-cut rubies on a chain of black iron, a gift from Magister Illyrio. Red and black. Dragon colors.
(The Lost Lord, ADwD)
Note again the black iron which goes along the ruby.

When Rhaegar fought the tourney at Harrenhal, he is remembered as follows by Ned Stark.
The crown prince wore the armor he would die in: gleaming black plate with the three-headed dragon of his House wrought in rubies on the breast. A plume of scarlet silk streamed behind him when he rode, and it seemed no lance could touch him.
(Eddard XIV, AGoT)

Again rubies supported by black metal (it is not said if it's black iron), and we have the familiar red silk as well.

The resemblance between Mance's cloak and Aegon's cloak stands out. The latter might have been a standard garment for a Targaryen. Note also the gemstone, a gift from Illyrio, who might play the same role with respect to Young Griff that Melisandre played with respect to Mance. Indeed, Illyrio wears many gemstones on his fingers, including a ruby. It seems Septa Lemore prepared the black cloak lined with red silk, playing for Aegon the role that the daughter of the wisewoman had played for Mance. (And, for what it is worth, Septa Lemore is often dressed all in white, as befits a Septa, and like Dalla used to do.)

Mance never wore the ruby and the silk at the same time. We do not know what became of his cloak. Mance doesn't seem to be wearing the ruby in any visible way in Winterfell. (The glamor seems to depend on the gemstone to be visible.)

I would tend to think that Melisandre herself is a pawn, and that her own ruby and her own silk that give her power are in turn means by which she can be controlled. She does not realize the irony of her assurance to Jon Snow “So long as he wears the gem he is bound to me, blood and soul,”.

That would explain why she isn't certain of why she saved Mance. The decision came from whoever there is above.

Finally, Melisandre, Val and Dalla seem to understand each other more than they should. Indeed, Val accepted to play her part in Melisandre's ceremony at the Wall. When Jon Snow repeats the Horned Lord's pronouncement on sorcery that he heard from Dalla.
“Dalla told me something once. Val’s sister, Mance Rayder’s wife. She said that sorcery was a sword without a hilt. There is no safe way to grasp it.”
“A wise woman.” Melisandre rose, her red robes stirring in the wind.
(Jon VI, ADwD)
When she leaves the Wall, Val talks about Craster's son with Jon Snow.
“His milk name. I had to call him something. See that he stays safe and warm. For his mother’s sake, and mine. And keep him away from the red woman. She knows who he is. She sees things in her fires.”
Arya, he thought, hoping it was so. “Ashes and cinders.”
“Kings and dragons.”
Dragons again. For a moment Jon could almost see them too, coiling in the night, their dark wings outlined against a sea of flame. “If she knew, she would have taken the boy away from us. Dalla’s boy, not your monster. A word in the king’s ear would have been the end of it.” And of me. Stannis would have taken it for treason. “Why let it happen if she knew?”
“Because it suited her. Fire is a fickle thing. No one knows which way a flame will go.” Val put a foot into a stirrup, swung her leg over her horse’s back, and looked down from the saddle. “Do you remember what my sister told you?”
“Yes.” A sword without a hilt, with no safe way to hold it.
(Jon VIII, ADwD)

I suspect that Melisandre is behind Stannis' interest in Val. (Val appeared practically as Stannis' queen during Melisandre's ceremony.) There is at most defiance, but never hostility between the red woman and the white sisters. They seem to agree that the Others are the true enemy. This mutual tolerance reminds me of the two great temples of Braavos.
“Sealords,” said Yorko. “The Isle of the Gods is farther on. See? Six bridges down, on the right bank. That is the Temple of the Moonsingers.”
It was one of those that Arya had spied from the lagoon, a mighty mass of snow-white marble topped by a huge silvered dome whose milk glass windows showed all the phases of the moon. A pair of marble maidens flanked its gates, tall as the Sealords, supporting a crescent- shaped lintel.
Beyond it stood another temple, a red stone edifice as stern as any fortress. Atop its great square tower a fire blazed in an iron brazier twenty feet across, whilst smaller fires flanked its brazen doors. “The red priests love their fires,” Yorko told her. “The Lord of Light is their god, red R’hllor.”
(Arya I, AFfC)

14. Bael the Bard

Here is the story told by Ygritte.
“Bael the Bard made it,” said Ygritte. “He was King-beyond-the-Wall a long time back. All the free folk know his songs, but might be you don’t sing them in the south.”
“Winterfell’s not in the south,” Jon objected.
“Yes it is. Everything below the Wall’s south to us.”
He had never thought of it that way. “I suppose it’s all in where you’re standing.”
“Aye,” Ygritte agreed. “It always is.”
“Tell me,” Jon urged her. It would be hours before Qhorin came up, and a story would help keep him awake. “I want to hear this tale of yours.”
“Might be you won’t like it much.”
“I’ll hear it all the same.”
“Brave black crow,” she mocked. “Well, long before he was king over the free folk, Bael was a great raider.”
Stonesnake gave a snort. “A murderer, robber, and raper, is what you mean.”
“That’s all in where you’re standing too,” Ygritte said. “The Stark in Winterfell wanted Bael’s head, but never could take him, and the taste o’ failure galled him. One day in his bitterness he called Bael a craven who preyed only on the weak. When word o’ that got back, Bael vowed to teach the lord a lesson. So he scaled the Wall, skipped down the kingsroad, and walked into Winterfell one winter’s night with harp in hand, naming himself Sygerrik of Skagos. Sygerrik means ‘deceiver’ in the Old Tongue, that the First Men spoke, and the giants still speak.”
“North or south, singers always find a ready welcome, so Bael ate at Lord Stark’s own table, and played for the lord in his high seat until half the night was gone. The old songs he played, and new ones he’d made himself, and he played and sang so well that when he was done, the lord offered to let him name his own reward. ‘All I ask is a flower,’ Bael answered, ‘the fairest flower that blooms in the gardens o’ Winterfell.’”
“Now as it happened the winter roses had only then come into bloom, and no flower is so rare nor precious. So the Stark sent to his glass gardens and commanded that the most beautiful o’ the winter roses be plucked for the singer’s payment. And so it was done. But when morning come, the singer had vanished . . . and so had Lord Brandon’s maiden daughter. Her bed they found empty, but for the pale blue rose that Bael had left on the pillow where her head had lain.”
Jon had never heard this tale before. “Which Brandon was this supposed to be? Brandon the Builder lived in the Age of Heroes, thousands of years before Bael. There was Brandon the Burner and his father Brandon the Shipwright, but—”
“This was Brandon the Daughterless,” Ygritte said sharply. “Would you hear the tale, or no?”
He scowled. “Go on.”
“Lord Brandon had no other children. At his behest, the black crows flew forth from their castles in the hundreds, but nowhere could they find any sign o’ Bael or this maid. For most a year they searched, till the lord lost heart and took to his bed, and it seemed as though the line o’ Starks was at its end. But one night as he lay waiting to die, Lord Brandon heard a child’s cry. He followed the sound and found his daughter back in her bedchamber, asleep with a babe at her breast.”
“Bael had brought her back?”
“No. They had been in Winterfell all the time, hiding with the dead beneath the castle. The maid loved Bael so dearly she bore him a son, the song says . . . though if truth be told, all the maids love Bael in them songs he wrote. Be that as it may, what’s certain is that Bael left the child in payment for the rose he’d plucked unasked, and that the boy grew to be the next Lord Stark. So there it is—you have Bael’s blood in you, same as me.”
“It never happened,” Jon said.
She shrugged. “Might be it did, might be it didn’t. It is a good song, though. My mother used to sing it to me. She was a woman too, Jon Snow. Like yours.” She rubbed her throat where his dirk had cut her. “The song ends when they find the babe, but there is a darker end to the story. Thirty years later, when Bael was King-beyond-the-Wall and led the free folk south, it was young Lord Stark who met him at the Frozen Ford . . . and killed him, for Bael would not harm his own son when they met sword to sword.”
“So the son slew the father instead,” said Jon.
“Aye,” she said, “but the gods hate kinslayers, even when they kill unknowing. When Lord Stark returned from the battle and his mother saw Bael’s head upon his spear, she threw herself from a tower in her grief. Her son did not long outlive her. One o’ his lords peeled the skin off him and wore him for a cloak.”
“Your Bael was a liar,” he told her, certain now.
“No,” Ygritte said, “but a bard’s truth is different than yours or mine. Anyway, you asked for the story, so I told it.”
(Jon VI, ACoK)
Again the matrilineal culture transmission, with Ygritte's mother.

Nothing is more glorious, for a wildling raider, than stealing the daughter of the Stark in Winterfell, I suppose. It's no wonder that the story appeals to the wildlings. And at a certain level, the tale can be reduced to a raider story. The fame and status that Bael earned by his exploits were surely useful to become King-Beyond-the-Wall.

We never hear Mance play the song. We learnt the story from Ygritte, and we are told by the Halfhand that:
“She even claimed we were kin. She told me a story . . .”
“. . . of Bael the Bard and the rose of Winterfell. So Stonesnake told me. It happens I know the song. Mance would sing it of old, when he came back from a ranging. He had a passion for wildling music. Aye, and for their women as well.”
(Jon VII, ACoK)

Rangings inspired Mance to sing the story of Bael. Mance acknowledges the importance of the song for him, after he told Jon about the clandestine visit to Winterfell.
“Bael the Bard,” said Jon, remembering the tale that Ygritte had told him in the Frostfangs, the night he’d almost killed her.
“Would that I were. I will not deny that Bael’s exploit inspired mine own... but I did not steal either of your sisters that I recall. Bael wrote his own songs, and lived them. I only sing the songs that better men have made. More mead?”
(Jon I, ASoS)

The story does not appear to be well known south of the Wall, since Jon Snow heard it first from Ygritte. (And Jon knows the more exotic Dornishman's wife.) However, Jon Snow is aware of Bael as a historical King-beyond-the-Wall.
“Wildlings have invaded the realm before.” Jon had heard the tales from Old Nan and Maester Luwin both, back at Winterfell. “Raymun Redbeard led them south in the time of my grandfather’s grandfather, and before him there was a king named Bael the Bard.”
(Jon, ACoK)

So the story was probably never told in Winterfell. Was it inappropriate for some reason? Does it contain a truth which makes the Starks uncomfortable? We'll return to this question.

Let's try to make sense of the story from a historical point of view. The Stark in Winterfell is Lord Brandon Stark. All Stark lords lived after Aegon's Conquest, three hundred years ago. Hence the story is not very old. Only one lord Stark seemed to have been called Brandon recently, according to the succession of tombs in the crypts.
When the shadows moved, it looked for an instant as if the dead were rising as well. Lyanna and Brandon, Lord Rickard Stark their father, Lord Edwyle his father, Lord Willam and his brother Artos the Implacable, Lord Donnor and Lord Beron and Lord Rodwell, one-eyed Lord Jonnel, Lord Barth and Lord Brandon and Lord Cregan who had fought the Dragonknight. On their stone chairs they sat with stone wolves at their feet. This was where they came when the warmth had seeped out of their bodies; this was the dark hall of the dead, where the living feared to tread.
(Bran VII, ACoK)

I understand the punctuation to mean that commas separate generations and the conjunction "and" separates siblings. So the latest lord Brandon was the middle brother between Barth and Cregan (who fought the Dragonknight, who in turn died before his brother Aegon the Unworthy passed away, 184 years after Aegon's Landing). Since that lord Brandon had brothers, it does not fit the role of the heirless Stark. So we have to find an earlier Brandon Stark.

The lord who flayed Bael's son is almost certainly a Bolton. But we have been told that the Boltons stopped skinning their enemies a thousand years ago.
The flayed man was the sigil of House Bolton, Theon knew; ages past, certain of their lords had gone so far as to cloak themselves in the skins of dead enemies. A number of Starks had ended thus. Supposedly all that had stopped a thousand years ago, when the Boltons had bent their knees to Winterfell. Or so they say, but old ways die hard, as well I know.
(Theon IV, ACoK)

We have not heard of a Bolton rebellion since the Conquest. In the north, many animals (bears, wolves, foxes) can be skinned for fur. The idea of wearing as a cloak the skin of human beings is particular to the Boltons, it seems. We see Ramsay suggest to make boots out of  Lady Dustin's skin.
Ramsay’s face darkened. “If I cut off her teats and feed them to my girls, will she abide me then? Will she abide me if I strip off her skin to make myself a pair of boots?”
(Reek III, ADwD)
Roose replies:
Only Lady Barbrey, whom you would turn into a pair of boots ... inferior boots. Human skin is not as tough as cowhide and will not wear as well.
(Reek III, ADwD)
It might be that the skin of Bael's son is still at the Dreadfort, provided it has been tanned properly.
Lord Roose never says a word, he only looks at me, and all I can think of is that room they have in the Dreadfort, where the Boltons hang the skins of their enemies.
(Bran VI, AGoT)

One wonder what is the significance for the Bolton of flaying and wearing human skin. In the story, the flaying by the Bolton lord is presented as a retribution for kinslaying. Sometimes, I think the Bolton have to play the role of watchmen and, if necessary, punishers of the Starks, as they have done for thousands of years.

We will return to Bael and the crypts.

Ygritte put a qualifier in The maid loved Bael so dearly she bore him a son, the song says… It seems there is a doubt concerning the paternity. Indeed, it is not realistic that Bael and the Stark heiress have spent a year in the crypts, unless something extraordinary down there sustained them.

Ygritte is well aware of the allegorical value of the song.
Ygritte, I never stole you.”
“Aye, you did. You jumped down the mountain and killed Orell, and afore I could get my axe you had a knife at my throat. I thought you’d have me then, or kill me, or maybe both, but you never did. And when I told you the tale o’ Bael the Bard and how he plucked the rose o’ Winterfell, I thought you’d know to pluck me then for certain, but you didn’t. You know nothing, Jon Snow.” She gave him a shy smile. “You might be learning some, though.”
(Jon III, ASoS)
Perhaps Jon should consider more carefully the song, as we will see.


15. Jon Snow's secret

It's easy to find a deep similarity between Bael's story with the Stark daughter and the story of Rhaegar and Lyanna: as a harpist and singer, Rhaegar seduced the daughter of the Stark in Winterfell, and later eloped with her. A year later, a baby appears. The blue roses feature preeminently in both stories, in different ways though. It would be easy to make a long list of differences, but at the core the stories are similar, and feature several salient details in common.

I would disappointed by Mance if he did not catch the resemblance, if he knows about Rhaegar as much as we do. He says he was in the Watch when Jon was in his mother's womb.
...but I was a crow when you were no bigger than the babe in Dalla’s belly, Jon Snow.
(Jon I, ASoS)

Given what we already noted: the resemblance between Dalla's brooch weirwood sigil and the weirwood face painted on the shield of the Knight of Laughing Tree (possibly Lyanna, possibly Jon Snow's mother). The comparison between Jon Snow and Dalla's son is telling. It's as if Mance were saying: I am not your father, despite all appearances.

A few years later, Mance came to Winterfell, and must have heard the story from people there, especially since Mance his interested in the Stark children (he memorized Jon's face).

I come to believe that Mance has the same suspicions than we have: Jon Snow is born from Rhaegar and Lyanna. Being a singer himself, Mance has an ear for stories and might be able to understand Rhaegar better than most. Ygritte concludes her story by:
“No,” Ygritte said, “but a bard’s truth is different than yours or mine.
(Jon VI, ACoK)

Whether Rhaegar knew Bael's story is an open question, though. (It's tempting to consider for a second that Mance is Rhaegar. But, no, it's impossible. They could be of the same age, though, and they happened to have been adorned with rubies, black iron and red silk, as we saw above.) And Bael the Bard seems to be Mance's model.  Given all that, if Mance is as cunning as he is reputed to be among the Free Folk, he must have asked himself the question of Jon's parentage.

There are no good hints that Mance has the suspicion, besides perhaps the story of his first meeting with Jon.
“Very good! Yes, that was the first time. You were just a boy, and I was all in black, one of a dozen riding escort to old Lord Commander Qorgyle when he came down to see your father at Winterfell. I was walking the wall around the yard when I came on you and your brother Robb. It had snowed the night before, and the two of you had built a great mountain above the gate and were waiting for someone likely to pass underneath.”
“I remember,” said Jon with a startled laugh. A young black brother on the wallwalk, yes... “You swore not to tell.”
“And kept my vow. That one, at least.”
(Jon I, ASoS)
So Mance wouldn't reveal Jon's secrets… somehow.

It's interesting that the queer idea of mentioning Jon's time in the womb crossed Mance's mind. Another indication could be the remarkable benevolence that Mance has for Jon Snow. Stig, Harma, the Lord of Bones all exhorted Mance to execute Jon as a traitor. But Mance would always appear to find much value in Jon and to trust him beyond all prudence. Of course, Mance's interest could be justified by Jon's Stark parentage alone, and there is no need to bring a Targaryen father.

There is only one doubt in my mind. Mance might not have heard about the crown of blue roses received by Lyanna from Rhaegar as mark of her title of queen of love and beauty. Eddard Stark recalls the event.
Ned remembered the moment when all the smiles died, when Prince Rhaegar Targaryen urged his horse past his own wife, the Dornish princess Elia Martell, to lay the queen of beauty’s laurel in Lyanna’s lap. He could see it still: a crown of winter roses, blue as frost.
(Eddard XIV, AGoT)
Who knows what Mance came to understand when he went into the crypts and saw the statue of Lyanna.

(In all frankness, I had the theory that Mance would see the winter roses on Lyanna's statue in the crypts and notice the coincidence with the Bael the Bard, and understand the parentage of Jon Snow... until I realized there are no roses on Lyanna's statue.)

It's worthwile to recapitulate the resemblances between the King-beyond-the-Wall and the Prince of Dragonstone.


16. The grey Girl on a dying Horse

I see several questions with respect to the mission to rescue "Arya". Where does Mance's allegiance lie? What compelled Mance to save "Arya"? What was the plan conceived at the Wall? Does Mance recognize Arya as an imposter on sight?

First, Mance obedience to Melisandre can be explained by the situation of his son as hostage. However, Val seems to know that Mance is alive and certainly knows that his son is no more at Castle Black. So it is entirely possible that Mance knows as well. At no point does Mance issue any threat like Tormund does.
When nine-and-ninety hostages had shuffled by them to pass beneath the Wall, Tormund Giantsbane produced the last one. “My son Dryn. You’ll see he’s well taken care of, crow, or I’ll cook your black liver up and eat it.”
(Jon XII, ADwD)

If it is not for his son, the obedience might be due to Melisandre's magic, through the ruby. However, Mance does not seem to wear the ruby in Winterfell. What did the ruby become?

The is another reason for Mance to remain in Melisandre's orbit: the red sorceress offers him a cover identity. If Mance were to flee, he would just be an outlaw in the north with little perspective. Saving the Stark girl might bring a rehabilitation (some royal pardon would be necessary, I guess).

Obviously, Mance's spearwives are followers of the old gods. Melisandre is an implacable enemy of the religion of the north. Indeed she burned the weirwood at Storm's End, she made the wildlings at the wall burn weirwood branches before admitting them south of the Wall.

Hence, Mance's allegiance can not be both to the old gods and to Melisandre. Since the godswood is part of the power play in Winterfell, and since Melisandre would presumably burn the heart tree, Mance's real goal in the mission has to be determined.

I would guess, but there is little textual evidence for this, that Mance is not as devoted to Melisandre as she believes. Indeed, Mance's associates, the Spearwives, and, as we will see, Crowfood are staunch followers of the old gods, and would not suffer having a heart tree sacrificed in a pyre.

I suppose that Mance has his own, very personal, motivations to go to Winterfell. However, the mission has, in principle nothing to do with Winterfell, since the wedding was supposed to happen in Barrowton. "Arya" was expected to ride alone around Long Lake.

It is not clear what the original plan was. Melisandre mentioned Long Lake. Note that the eastern part of Long Lake is in Umber Land. Moreover, Mance asked for six spearwives.
“I will need horses. Half a dozen good ones. And this is nothing I can do alone. Some of the spearwives penned up at Mole’s Town should serve. Women would be best for this. The girl’s more like to trust them, and they will help me carry off a certain ploy I have in mind.”
(Melisandre, ADwD)

Probably Mance had in mind a kidnapping from the start. Much later Theon would recall his conversation with Mance the night before the escape:
The singer seemed intent on making off with the daughter of Eddard Stark.
(Theon, ADwD)
So Mance hoped to emulate Bael, in particular to escape the castle with Theon and "Arya".

How is it that Mance came to Winterfell?

How has Mance been warned that the wedding would be moved there? The news was probably gone the Bolton-Karstark-Stannis-Wall route. Crowfood has been informed at some point (perhaps by the Karstarks, perhaps by Whoresbane, perhaps by Stannis). No one at the Wall knew that the wedding was moved until Jon received a letter from Stannis. Mance had left the Wall long ago by then. Melisandre seemed powerless to see anything.

If Mance expected "Arya" at Long Lake, he probably ventured first in Umber territory. What he did there is a mystery. He might have gone to see Mors at the Last Hearth, and have been informed of the wedding in Winterfell. That seems to me the most likely possibility, with the obvious problem that Mors Umber considers Mance to be his archenemy. The other possibility is that Mance got word through the mountain clans, but I hardly see how their message would have reached him.

The most reasonable assumption is perhaps to go back to a conversation between Stannis and Jon that Mance witnessed as Ratttleshirt.
Where to begin? Jon moved to the map. Candles had been placed at its corners to keep the hide from rolling up. A finger of warm wax was puddling out across the Bay of Seals, slow as a glacier. “To reach the Dreadfort, Your Grace must travel down the kingsroad past the Last River, turn south by east and cross the Lonely Hills.” He pointed. “Those are Umber lands, where they know every tree and every rock. The kingsroad runs along their western marches for a hundred leagues. Mors will cut your host to pieces unless you meet his terms and win him to your cause.”
(Jon IV, ADwD)

If Mance has kept in mind Jon's advice to Stannis, he knows that the Umber watch closely their lands, especially during these troubled times. In spite of the vastness of the territory ruled from the Last Hearth, the grey girl on the dying earth would have good chance to arrive in Mors Umber's hands. I suppose Mance made this calculation and managed to approach Mors Umber. It's unlikely that he intended to steal Arya. In any case, Mance could have a certain leverage on the Umbers, particularly Mors, since Jon told Stannis during the same conversation.
“The elder of the Greatjon’s uncles. Crowfood, they call him. A crow once took him for dead and pecked out his eye. He caught the bird in his fist and bit its head off. When Mors was young he was a fearsome fighter. His sons died on the Trident, his wife in childbed. His only daughter was carried off by wildlings thirty years ago.”
(Jon IV, ADwD)

If Mors' daughter ended in the Free Folk, it's likely that Mance heard of her somehow. Perhaps news or a promise of reunion could be delivered to Mors. That would be heartwarming to a man who seems to have lost all his children.

However, Mors has proclaimed his hate for Mance. So it would be very delicate for the King-beyond-the-Wall to declare himself to Crowfood.
“Half of them, and only if I meet this Crowfood’s price,” said Stannis, in an irritated tone. “He wants Mance Rayder’s skull for a drinking cup, and he wants a pardon for his brother, who has ridden south to join Bolton. Whoresbane, he’s called.”
(Jon IV, ADwD)
Concerning Mance's knowledge of Arya Stark, we have several points of comparison.

First, only Arya and Jon among the Stark children have the specific Stark look. Arya's face is so characteristic that she is called "horseface".
Sansa could never understand how two sisters, born only two years apart, could be so different. It would have been easier if Arya had been a bastard, like their half brother Jon. She even looked like Jon, with the long face and brown hair of the Starks, and nothing of their lady mother in her face or her coloring.
(Sansa I, AGoT)

Both the Halfhand and Craster can recognize the distinctive Stark features when they first meet Jon Snow. Craster:
“Who’s this one now?” Craster said before Jon could go. “He has the look of a Stark.”
(Jon III, ACoK)
and The Halfhand:
The ranger gave his horse into the care of one of his men and followed. “You are Jon Snow. You have your father’s look.”
(Jon V, ACoK)
Of course, Mance has been to Winterfell.
I betook of your lord father’s meat and mead, had a look at Kingslayer and Imp... and made passing note of Lord Eddard’s children and the wolf pups that ran at their heels.
(Jon I, ASoS)
And he recognized Jon Snow the next time he saw him.
The singer rose to his feet. “I’m Mance Rayder,” he said as he put aside the lute. “And you are Ned Stark’s bastard, the Snow of Winterfell.”
Stunned, Jon stood speechless for a moment, before he recovered enough to say, “How... how could you know...”
(Jon I, ASoS)
We can also compare to Jaime Lannister when he saw Jeyne Poole as "Arya" in King's Landing.
She lowered her big brown eyes and mumbled, “I’m Arya Stark.” Jaime had never paid much attention to Arya Stark, but it seemed to him that this girl was older.
(Jaime IX, ASoS)

It's true that Jaime spent much more time in Arya's company than Mance did. But Mance paid attention when he came to Winterfell, and it is likely he has an eye for the Stark physiognomy.

After all, Arya is known to have disappeared in King's Landing, and was believed dead. I guess everybody has suspicions at her reappearance. So it is not possible Mance believes blindly that the bride of Winterfell is Arya Stark. According to all that precedes, Mance should have perceived the imposture. But what we read seems to say otherwise.

But Theon is certain that Mance believes "Arya" to be genuine.
Abel would learn that lesson soon enough. And for what? Jeyne, her name is Jeyne, and her eyes are the wrong color. A mummer playing a part. Lord Bolton knows, and Ramsay, but the rest are blind, even this bloody bard with his sly smiles. The jape is on you, Abel, you and your murdering whores. You’ll die for the wrong girl.
He had come this close to telling them the truth when Rowan had delivered him to Abel in the ruins of the Burned Tower, but at the last instant he had held his tongue. The singer seemed intent on making off with the daughter of Eddard Stark. If he knew that Lord Ramsay’s bride was but a steward’s whelp, well ...
(Theon, ADwD)

It's certain that Mance has not told everything to Theon: not his real identity, not that it is not Stannis who is blowing horns outside Winterfell. So it's entirely possible that Mance has not told Theon that "Arya" is fake. Like everybody else in Winterfell, Mance has the suspicion that "Arya" could an imposter. It is an  axiom of the Winterfell situation that Theon is the person who can authentify and certify the identity of the bride. Hence, Mance knows that Theon knows whether the bride is authentic. Nevertheless Mance doesn't ask Theon, which means that `Mance has made his opinion. But why did Mance bother with the wrong girl, then?

If Mance doesn't believe in the authenticity of the bride, he doesn't seem to have informed the washerwomen. Indeed, Rowan refers to her respectfully as Lady Arya.
“Lady Arya.” Rowan moved closer. “You must come with us, and quickly. We’ve come to take
you to your brother.”
(Theon, ADwD)
Holly is not as respectful.
“Get her up, turncloak.” Holly had her knife in hand. “Get her up or I will. We have to go. Get the little cunt up on her feet and shake some courage into her.”
(Theon, ADwD)

It is difficult to reach a conclusion on Mance's knowledge of the imposture. Since Mance made no effort to determine the truth through Theon, I tend to conclude that he has his opinion.

Since Mance might know that the baby at the Wall is not his son, he might not have missed the irony of delivering a fake Stark daughter in exchange for his fake son.



17. The crypts of Winterfell

Since Mance is compelled to serve Melisandre, he would have to save "Arya". It remains to explain how Mance would end up in Winterfell if the Grey girl on a dying horse was expected along the shores of Long Lake.
 
The plan to rescue "Arya" is not the only thing in Mance's mind in Winterfell, it seems.

Here is Holly coming to Theon.
“What do you want?”
“To see these crypts. Where are they, m’lord? Would you show me?” Holly toyed with a strand of her hair, coiling it around her little finger. “Deep and dark, they say. A good place for touching. All the dead kings watching.”
(The Ghost in Winterfell, ADwD)

This dialogue happens after Theon has been with Lady Dustin to visit the crypts. It's two days before the escape. So we know that Mance hasn't been to the crypts until that point. While we are discussing this visit, it is worthwile to take note that the crypts have not been opened recently, in particular not while Roose had the castle repaired.
It took Lady Dustin’s men the better part of half an hour to uncover the entrance, shoveling through the snow and shifting rubble. When they did, the door was frozen shut. Her serjeant had to go find an axe before he could pull it open, hinges screaming, to reveal stone steps spiraling down into darkness.
(The Turncloak, ADwD)

Few people know the location of the crypts in Winterfell: Theon,  Barbrey Dustin, her two sworn men, the Walders, and, probably, Jeyne Poole. There is no sign that Roose has any interest in them.

Given that Holly asked about the crypts, and Theon declined to answer, there is all reason for Mance to press on at a later point. The night before escape, Mance could at last meet Theon in the Burned Tower and explain his escape plan. Surely Theon would have told him if he had been asked. We didn't see this conversation. I see two possibilities: either Mance managed to visit the crypts after Holly came to Theon, but before the Burned Tower, or Mance insisted that Theon tells him about the crypts. We are going to examine the former possibility later. Let's turn to the conversation in the Burned Tower. We know little about that conversation. Theon recalls his meeting with Abel.
He had come this close to telling them the truth when Rowan had delivered him to Abel in the ruins of the Burned Tower, but at the last instant he had held his tongue.
(Theon, ADwD)
The ruins of the Burned Tower are in the old part of the castle, contiguous to the First Keep
That brought you up to the blind side of the First Keep, the oldest part of the castle, a squat round fortress that was taller than it looked. Only rats and spiders lived there now but the old stones still made for good climbing. You could go straight up to where the gargoyles leaned out blindly over empty space, and swing from gargoyle to gargoyle, hand over hand, around to the north side. From there, if you really stretched, you could reach out and pull yourself over to the broken tower where it leaned close.
(Bran II, AGoT)
The Burned Tower of Winterfell is an interesting building.
His favorite haunt was the broken tower. Once it had been a watchtower, the tallest in Winterfell. A long time ago, a hundred years before even his father had been born, a lightning strike had set it afire. The top third of the structure had collapsed inward, and the tower had never been rebuilt.
(Bran II, AGoT)

I wonder what the tower watched over in the old days. It's probably a danger that has disappeared by now. From the tower, it might be possible to see afar. However, settling up there was useless during the snowstorm. I suppose that, metaphorically, Abel was above the fray.

The entrance of the the crypts are near the First Keep.
The entrance to the crypts was in the oldest section of the castle, near the foot of the First Keep, which had sat unused for hundreds of years.
(The Turncloak, ADwD)

So it was easy at this point to show Mance the entrance.  However, Theon never recalls having told Mance how to find the crypts. I understand that GRRM has not let us hear the conversation of Mance and Theon the obvious storytelling reasons, since the escape plan had to unfold under our eyes. But it's certain that Mance could have known where to find the crypts the night before the escape. If he made Holly ask Theon three days before, why did he not ask the night before?

Why did Mance want to know about the crypts? We already saw the connection with Joramun, that what Mance sought in the graves of kings and heroes, perhaps the Horn Joramun, in any case something that made Mormont's raven scream, might well be in the crypts of Winterfell.

Then we have Mance's passion for the story of Bael the Bard. In the story, it's unrealistic that Bael and the Stark daughter could have hidden underground for a year (and give birth to a baby). The time Osha, the Reeds, Bran and Rickon spent there is described in realistic terms: lack of light, of food, lost of sense of time. The story happened in historical times and does not belong to the "fog of legend". What it there under Winterfell that allowed Bael to survive one year?

One wonders about the activity of Bael in the crypts and why he was drawn to the crypt. Is it related to Joramun? If Mance is looking for something in the crypts of Winterfell, perhaps the horn of Joramun or some knowledge about the horn, it must be something that he has seen already.

Winterfell under the Bolton rule is a... dreadful place. Mance and the spearwives might lose their life at any moment. The escape plan is risky enough without having to bother with the crypts just to satisfy Mance's curiosity. So I believe Mance's interest is seriously motivated.

It doesn't seem Mance intended to hide in the crypts after the escape, as Theon recalls from the conversation with Mance.
The singer seemed intent on making off with the daughter of Eddard Stark.
(Theon, ADwD)
So I suppose Mance went down there the night before the escape. Let's return to Little Walder's murder.
For once Roose Bolton’s voice was loud enough to carry. “Where was the body found?”
“Under that ruined keep, my lord,” replied Big Walder. “The one with the old gargoyles.”

(Theon, ADwD)
And a moment earlier, Hosteen Frey had declared:
“My brother Merrett’s son.” Hosteen Frey lowered the body to the floor before the dais. “Butchered like a hog and shoved beneath a snowbank. A boy.”
(Theon, ADwD)
Let's look again at the crypts' location.
“There.” Theon pointed to where a snowbank had crept up the wall of the keep. “Under there. Watch for broken stones.”
(The Turncloak, ADwD)

There are naturally many snowbanks in Winterfell caused by the snow storm, but probably not many along the First Keep, and possibly only one. So, the coincidence is too remarkable to be ignored.

I believe that Rowan is sincere when she denied that the washerwomen having murdered Little Walder. We'll examine Little Walder's murder elsewhere.

A little detail indicates that Mance might have been busy the night before the escape.
Rowan walked Theon from the hall. Since she and her sisters had found him in the godswood, one of them had dogged his every step, never letting him out of sight. They did not trust him.  Why should they? I was Reek before and might be Reek again. Reek, Reek, it rhymes with sneak.
(Theon, ADwD)
So only the washerwomen watched Theon, not Mance. Is it because Mance was busy doing something else?

So the story seems to tell us that Mance has visited the crypts at some point during the last two days before the escape. But who guided him there if not Theon?


18. The Washerman

There is no doubt that Mance and Abel are the same person. A little detail gave me pause. Firstly, the spearwives required by Mance do not seem to correspond to the washerwomen we see in Winterfell.
“Young ones, and pretty,” Mance had said. The unburnt king supplied some names, and Dolorous Edd had done the rest, smuggling them from Mole’s Town.
(Jon VII, ADwD)
And, here are the washerwomen.
“Two sisters, two daughters, one wife, and my old mother,” the singer claimed, though not one looked like him. “Some dance, some sing, one plays the pipe and one the drums. Good washerwomen too.”
(The Prince in Winterfell, ADwD)
Theon does not find Rowan pretty, and here is his description of the other ones.
When Squirrel returned, the other four were with her: gaunt grey-haired Myrtle, Willow Witch-Eye with her long black braid, Frenya of the thick waist and enormous breasts, Holly with her knife.
(Theon, ADwD)
Obviously, the washerwomen are not all young and pretty. Here is how Theon sees them.
Washerwomen. That was the polite way of saying camp follower, which was the polite way of saying whore.
(The Prince of Winterfell, ADwD)

Indeed, Rowan and Holly approach Theon. When Theon does not reply to Rowan's advances, she offers.
“Am I not to m’lord’s taste? I could send Myrtle to you if you want. Or Holly, might be you’d like her better. All the men like Holly. They’re not my sisters neither, but they’re sweet.”
(The Turncloak, ADwD)
In turn, Holly comes to Theon and suggests to pay a visit to the crypts.
“Deep and dark, they say. A good place for touching. All the dead kings watching.”
“Did Abel send you to me?”
“Might be. Might be I sent myself. But if it’s Abel you’re wanting, I could bring him. He’ll sing m’lord a sweet song.”
(A Ghost in Winterfell, ADwD)

So, it would seem that Mance himself is willing to do what he asks of his spearwives. (What sort of leader woud he be otherwise? Didn't he express the notion that a leader has to prove himself to be followed by the Free Folk? That wildling follow the… man?) I would suppose that the washerwomen have approached many of important guests in Winterfell. (See Frenya with Rickard Ryswell). Singers have a reputation for being lovers in the Seven Kingdoms (see Daeron's story, Marillion, Tom Sevenstrings etc). That left much opportunity for Abel to come close to, and hear pillow talk from, the important women and homosexual men in the castle. Recall that the Winterfell guests spent more than fifty days locked up in Winterfell with nothing to do. There is surely a highborn woman without a man among the guests: Barbrey Dustin, her own self.

Barbrey says of Theon to Aenys Frey.
Lady Dustin laughed. “Are all Freys such fools? Look at him. Hold a dagger? He hardly has the strength to hold a spoon. Do you truly think he could have overcome the Bastard’s disgusting creature and shoved his manhood down his throat?”
(A Ghost in Winterfell, ADwD)
She seems to refer to another scene that happened two nights before.
Theon was bent over a wooden bowl finishing the last of his own portion of pease porridge when a light touch on his shoulder made him drop his spoon.
(A Ghost in Winterfell, ADwD)
It's Holly coming to ask Theon about the crypts. Here is their conversation.
Some girls like to touch,” she said, with a little half-smile. “If it please m’lord, I’m Holly.”
Holly the whore, he thought, but she was pretty enough. Once he might have laughed and pulled her into his lap, but that day was done. “What do you want?”
“To see these crypts. Where are they, m’lord? Would you show me?” Holly toyed with a strand of her hair, coiling it around her little finger. “Deep and dark, they say. A good place for touching. All the dead kings watching.”
“Did Abel send you to me?”
“Might be. Might be I sent myself. But if it’s Abel you’re wanting, I could bring him. He’ll sing m’lord a sweet song.”

(A Ghost in Winterfell, ADwD)

Theon heard Lady Dustin speak just before being touched by Holly (whether the scene with Holly is in the continuity is open to interpretation though). So Barbrey could hear as well what Holly told Theon, and probably did since it is hinted she has noticed him letting his spoon fall. So Lady Dustin might know that Holly, and by extension the washerwomen and Mance, are interested in the crypts. This is speculative, but otherwise the telling of the incident with the spoon amounts to a waste of words.

I can't help thinking that Lady Dustin might have reflected on Holly's offer to bring Mance as well, given that singers have a reputation for being choice lovers of highborn ladies (see: Lady Smallwood and Tom Sevenstrings, the fondness that Lysa Arryn has for singers, Dareon found in the bed of Lord Rowan's daughter, the Blue Bard's reputation in King's Landing…). Moreover, the High Septon, in all his misogyny, offers his judgement on Cersei's licentiousness:
“These are common sins,” he said. “The wickedness of widows is well-known, and all women are wantons at heart, given to using their wiles and their beauty to work their wills on men.”
(Cersei I, ADwD)

I feel the need to insist on this and to provide more interesting details. Here is Mance singing at Roose's command.
Lord Bolton commanded Abel to play for them as they ate. The bard sang “Iron Lances,” then “The Winter Maid.”
When Barbrey Dustin asked for something more cheerful, he gave them “The Queen Took Off Her Sandal, the King Took Off His Crown,” and “The Bear and the Maiden Fair.”
(A Ghost in Winterfell, ADwD)

The hint would be clearer if Abel had given her (and not them) the songs, and if Theon had reported looks, smiles etc. However, the formulation is simply Theon's point of view, and we can infer that Theon did not understand that Abel was singing specifically for Lady Dustin. In any case, the first song involves a royal couple (which is likely to please Lady Dustin, see above) and has been sung at the Twins to initiate the bedding of Edmure Tully. It's a bawdy song in all likehood, if not it's probably a romantic song. The second song has a well known double meaning, and can be understood as a sexual proposition from a devoted lover.

Earlier, Mance has sung the "Northman's Daughter", which is quite suggestive as well.

Moreover, the visit to the crypts with Theon had surely an erotic effect on Lady Dustin.
“He would hate that.” She pulled off her glove and touched his knee, pale flesh against dark stone. “Brandon loved his sword. He loved to hone it. ‘I want it sharp enough to shave the hair from a woman’s cunt,’ he used to say. And how he loved to use it. ‘A bloody sword is a beautiful thing,’ he told me once.”
“You knew him,” Theon said.
The lantern light in her eyes made them seem as if they were afire.

[…]
I am old now, a dried-up thing, too long a widow, but I still remember the look of my maiden’s blood on his cock the night he claimed me.
(The Turncloak, ADwD)

I acknowledge that the evidence is meager. One might find unlikely that Barbrey Dustin, an austere and dedicated character, would take a singer as a lover, especially given Winterfell's tense circumstances.

Still in the crypts she seems to appreciate a certain trait of character in Brandon Stark.
Brandon was never shy about taking what he wanted.
(The Turncloak, ADwD)

So taking a lover is not against character for Lady Dustin. Given her fantasies of royalty, Mance would possibly appeal to her, if she knew that he is a king in disguise. If we had gender equality in the Seven Kingdoms, Barbrey having a discreet affair with a singer should be no more surprising that Rickard Ryswell, Barbrey's own brother, showing openly his affection to one of the washerwomen (I guess Frenya).
Beneath the Burned Tower, he passed Rickard Ryswell nuzzling at the neck of another one of Abel’s washerwomen, the plump one with the apple cheeks and pug nose.
(The Turncloak, ADwD)

But there is the possibility that Lady Dustin met "Abel", perhaps in the crypts, rather than in her own quarters. That would solve neatly the problem of why there is no sign that Mance didn't press on with Theon about the crypts, when they planned the escape the following night. (Mance might have, and Theon might have told him. But we have no confirmation in the text from Theon's point of view afterwards.)

The scene when Theon is summoned to Ned Stark's solar happens the evening of the same day. And Theon has this strange thought:
He wondered if Lady Dustin had told them about the crypts, the missing swords.
(A Ghost in Winterfell, ADwD)

Then Theon wanders in the castle until the hour of the wolf (middle of the night), before the horn is blown. Then he meets Holly, Rowan and Myrtle in the godswood. They bring him to Abel in the burned tower.

Another little detail gives me pause. At breakfast in the Great Hall, before the escape, Theon expresses his fears to Abel that Ramsay might caught them, and Abel replies.
“If the Bastard does come after us, he might live long enough to rue it.”
(Theon, ADwD)

Besides Rowan, the night before, only one character in Winterfell dares to call Ramsay by that the dreaded word (not to his face, but in the presence of Roose, no less)
“The Bastard did this to you,” Lady Dustin said.
(A Ghost in Winterfell, ADwD)
She uses the term of few more times, notably in the crypts.

There is little reason for the name "Bastard" to come to Mance's mouth if he never heard call him by that name. Mance uses the word bastard when he speaks to Jon Snow as a deliberate provocation. But nobody utters that word for Ramsay in the Great Hall. Possibly, Mance took the habit from Lady Dustin. (It seems likely to me that Mance has been in contact with Manderly, Crowfood. He might have been contaminated by that.)

I conjecture that the Ryswells and Dustins have in their cultural background a reference to an ancient kingdom of the First Men, precisely a subject of interest for Mance when he was searching the Frostfangs.

Let's recapitulate the hints: Almost all singers in the story are favorites of highborn women; Holly suggests to Theon to go to the crypts with her or with Abel, within hearing range (?) of Barbrey Dustin (only possible interest of the spoon incident); Barbrey is burning with passion in the crypts; Abel offers bawdy songs when Barbrey asks for cheerful songs; Barbrey's brother makes out with a washerwoman; if Abel found someone to show him the crypts before meeting Theon in the Burned Tower, it can only be Barbrey or the Walders.

The morning of the escape, which followed the meeting in the Burned Tower, all important characters are listed as present in the Great Hall, but not Lady Barbrey. Lady Dustin has always been a central player in the Winterfell drama. She seems present in every scene in the Great Hall but the last one. Since her brother Roger laughs with her liege man Harwood Stout, it would seem that nothing tragic happened to her. Hence her absence is not fortuitous, and has to be explained. Perhaps she left the castle, or something happened to her.

At least one important guest in Winterfell seems to have a homosexual orientation: Whoresbane Umber. It was my first guess when I realized that Mance is offering himself. Mance has heard the story of the Oldtown whore, as told by Jon to Stannis, since "Rattleshirt" was present at Stannis' meeting. I saw no sign of that possibility bearing fruit in the text. But, it's worthwhile to recall the Old Bear's rememberance.
I knew Mance Rayder, Jon. He is an oathbreaker, yes . . . but he has eyes to see, and no man has ever dared to name him faintheart.
(Jon V, ACoK)

19. Abel's répertoire

It might we worthwhile to pay some attention to the songs of the wedding.
Lord Walder had ordered the slaughter of the Starks at Roslin’s wedding, but it had been Lame Lothar who had plotted it out with Roose Bolton, all the way down to which songs would be played.
(Epilogue, ASoS)

It's easy to understand why a precise organization was required for the Red Wedding. And the need did not appear as stringent in Winterfell. But the question arises: Did Roose arrange for the songs to be played at this wedding as well?

I have summarized below what we know of what Abel has sung at the Winterfell wedding.

The first song is in the godswood, after the vows.
The musicians began to play again, and the bard Abel began to sing “Two Hearts That Beat as One.”
(The Prince of Winterfell, ADwD)
Then we hear Abel during the wedding feast.
Up near the dais, Abel was plucking at his lute and singing “Fair Maids of Summer.”
(The Prince of Winterfell, ADwD)
Later Manderly asks for songs. We do not know if the requests were satisfied by the singer.
“Give us ‘The Night That Ended,’ singer,” he bellowed. “The bride will like that one, I know. Or sing to us of brave young Danny Flint and make us weep.” To look at him, you would have thought that he was the one newly wed.
(The Prince of Winterfell, ADwD)
And then.
Lord Manderly was so drunk he required four strong men to help him from the hall. “We should have a song about the Rat Cook,” he was muttering, as he staggered past Theon, leaning on his knights. “Singer, give us a song about the Rat Cook.”
(The Prince of Winterfell, ADwD)
Later, as the snow has begun falling on Winterfell.
“The Dornishman’s Wife,” whilst one of his washerwomen beat time on her drum. The singer changed the words, though. Instead of tasting a Dornishman’s wife, he sang of tasting a northman’s daughter.
(The Turncloak, ADwD)
Here are what the adapted lyrics would be
The Northman's daughter was as fair as the sun,
and her kisses were warmer than spring.
But the Northman's blade was made of black steel,
and its kiss was a terrible thing.

The Northman's daughter would sing as she bathed,
in a voice that was sweet as a peach,
But the Northman's blade had a song of its own,
and a bite sharp and cold as a leech.

As he lay on the ground with the darkness around,
and the taste of his blood on his tongue,
His brothers knelt by him and prayed him a prayer,
and he smiled and he laughed and he sung,
"Brothers, oh brothers, my days here are done,
the Northman's taken my life,
But what does it matter, for all men must die,
and I've tasted the Northman's daughter!"
Note the mention of a leech. A significant allusion for Roose, perhaps.

The song would almost fit the story of Bael the Bard, possibly killed by the Stark family sword, Ice. But Bael has been put to death by his own son, not by his bride's father. So the song that Bael could have written would be "the Northman's mother".

A bit later.
Lord Ramsay commanded Abel to give them a marching song in honor of Stannis trudging through the snows, so the bard took up his lute again, whilst one of his washerwomen coaxed a sword from Sour Alyn and mimed Stannis slashing at the snowflakes.
(The Turncloak, ADwD)
And later.
Lord Bolton commanded Abel to play for them as they ate. The bard sang “Iron Lances,” then “The Winter Maid.” When Barbrey Dustin asked for something more cheerful, he gave them “The Queen Took Off Her Sandal, the King Took Off His Crown,” and “The Bear and the Maiden Fair.”
[…]
As he left the hall, Abel was singing “The Maids That Bloom in Spring.”
[…]
He could hear the sound of music from the hall behind him. A soft song now, and sad. For a moment he felt almost at peace.

(A Ghost in Winterfell, ADwD)
Here is the final song of Abel.
Abel bowed. “If it please your lordship.” Lute in hand, he sauntered to the dais, hopping nimbly over a corpse or two, and seated himself cross-legged on the high table. As he began to play—a sad, soft song that Theon Greyjoy did not recognize—Ser Hosteen, Ser Aenys, and their fellow Freys turned away to lead their horses from the hall.
(Theon, ADwD)
I have tried to list the previous occurrences of these songs.
“Did Mance ever sing of Brave Danny Flint?”
“Not as I recall. Who was he?”
(Jon XII, ADwD)

So we have The Winter Maid, The Maids That Blooms In Spring, Fair Maids of Summer. A song about maids and Autumn is missing. But one is known in the Seven Kingdoms. Catelyn Stark heard it from Rymund the Rhymer at Riverrun when her father was dying.
After a time the candle guttered and went out. Moonlight slanted between the slats of the shutters, laying pale silvery bars across her father’s face. She could hear the soft whisper of his labored breathing, the endless rush of waters, the faint chords of some love song drifting up from the yard, so sad and sweet. “I loved a maid as red as autumn,” Rymund sang, “with sunset in her hair.”
Catelyn never noticed when the singing ended. Hours had passed, yet it seemed only a heartbeat before Brienne was at the door. “My Lady,” she announced softly. “Midnight has come.”
(Catelyn VII, ASoS)

I perceive the maid as red as autumn as evoking Melisandre, for what it is worth, especially since we came to learn about Melisandre in the prologue of ACoK, when the white raven came to announce the arrival of Autumn. Perhaps it is implied that the song about that season is sang offscreen, or that Mance omits it deliberately.

Rymund's verse seems to be part of Seasons of my love, the Myrish song Tysha taught Tyrion.
He resumed his whistling. “Do you know this song?” he asked.
“You hear it here and there, in inns and whorehouses.”
“Myrish. ‘The Seasons of My Love.’ Sweet and sad, if you understand the words. The first girl I ever bedded used to sing it, and I’ve never been able to put it out of my head.”

(Tyrion VI, AGoT)
We hear Tyrion sing what are likely two other verses.
I loved a maid as fair as summer, with sunlight in her hair.
(Tyrion VI, ACoK)
and
I loved a maid as white as winter, with moonglow in her hair.
(Tyrion X, ACoK)

Still the association between seasons and maids. The sight of Val returning to the Wall surely evokes the maid as white as winter, especially since Val insisted she would return by the full moon. Probably Dalla looked the same as her sister. We do not know yet the verse for the maid of Spring.

Mance sings two soft sad songs. The first one just after Theon has left the Great Hall to come across the hooded man. The other soft sad song is unknown to Theon and is the last song we hear. There is one soft sad song well known to wildlings, and unknown, apparently, to kneelers. It's the Last of the Giants.
“Do you know ‘The Last of the Giants’?” Without waiting for an answer Ygritte said, “You need a deeper voice than mine to do it proper.” Then she sang, “Ooooooh, I am the last of the giants, my people are gone from the earth.”
Tormund Giantsbane heard the words and grinned. “The last of the great mountain giants, who ruled all the world at my birth,” he bellowed back through the snow.
Longspear Ryk joined in, singing, “Oh, the smallfolk have stolen my forests, they’ve stolen my rivers and hills.”
“And they’ve built a great wall through my valleys, and fished all the fish from my rills,” Ygritte and Tormund sang back at him in turn, in suitably gigantic voices.
Tormund’s sons Toregg and Dormund added their deep voices as well, then his daughter Munda and all the rest. Others began to bang their spears on leathern shields to keep rough time, until the whole war band was singing as they rode.
In stone halls they burn their great fires, in stone halls they forge their sharp spears.
Whilst I walk alone in the mountains, with no true companion but tears.
They hunt me with dogs in the daylight, they hunt me with torches by night.
For these men who are small can never stand tall, whilst giants still walk in the light.
Oooooooh, I am the LAST of the giants, so learn well the words of my song.
For when I am gone the singing will fade, and the silence shall last long and long.
There were tears on Ygritte’s cheeks when the song ended.
“Why are you weeping?” Jon asked. “It was only a song. There are hundreds of giants, I’ve just
seen them.”
(Jon II, ASoS)


20. Abel's last words

In Winterfell, we only hear Abel the bard talk in the morning of the escape. Here is the totality of what he hear him say. First he tries to calm Theon's fears.
“Lord Stannis is outside the walls, and not far by the sound of it. All we need do is reach him.” Abel’s fingers danced across the strings of his lute. The singer’s beard was brown, though his long hair had largely gone to grey. “If the Bastard does come after us, he might live long enough to rue it.”
(Theon, ADwD)
In fact, Mance knows that Stannis uses trumpets and not horns. So he is lying deliberately to Theon, I think.

The trumpet seems to be common in the south of the Seven Kingdoms. The Freys use them as well, even in Winterfell.
Outside a horn was blowing. A trumpet. The Freys, assembling for battle.
(Theon, ADwD)

But Mance knows very well that Stannis announces himself with trumpets, since during the battle at the Wall we hear.
Trumpets were blowing all around, loud and brazen. The wildlings have no trumpets, only warhorns.
(Jon X, ASoS)

So, Mance can't possibly be sincere when he says that Stannis is behind the walls of Winterfell. I suppose he wanted to calm Theon's fears and did not want to risk to compromise Mors inside the castle.

Theon is terrified to fall again into Ramsay's hand and wants to be certain of Abel's protection.
“Abel’s word,” said Squirrel. “Strong as oak.” Abel himself only shrugged. “No matter what, my prince.”        
(Theon, ADwD)

Squirrel insists that Theon should believe Abel's assurances. I wonder how Abel could be certain that Ramsay wouldn't catch Theon again.

When Theon accuses silently the washerwomen of Little Walder's murder.
“This was no work of ours,” she said.
“Be quiet,” Abel warned her.
(Theon, ADwD)

The exchange implies that Abel does not want Rowan to say something, which leads to the suspicion that Abel knows something about Little Walder's murder. It is not clear that Rowan's denial absolve him of the crime.

Finally, Roose demands a song from Abel.
He turned his head, his pale cold eyes searching the hall until they found the bard Abel beside Theon.
“Singer,” he called, “come sing us something soothing.”
Abel bowed. “If it please your lordship.” Lute in hand, he sauntered to the dais, hopping nimbly over a corpse or two, and seated himself cross-legged on the high table. As he began to play—a sad, soft song that Theon Greyjoy did not recognize—Ser Hosteen, Ser Aenys, and their fellow Freys turned away to lead their horses from the hall.
(Theon, ADwD)

Calling Roose your lordship is not what a wildling would say. It's rather the vocabulary of educated people. None of the spearwives would use these words. But it seems to be the correct manner to address a lord, even if Roose prefers to be addressed in a more humble manner. Here is what Theon thought the night before.
“No, m’lord.” Theon made sure to muddy up the word. He knew that pleased Lord Bolton. “I cannot sleep, m’lord. I walk.” He kept his head down, fixed upon the old stale rushes scattered on the floor. It was not wise to look his lordship in the face.
(A Ghost in Winterfell, ADwD)

Was Mance thought to be impertinent to Roose? That is Mance's last appearance in the story. The bard did not appear when the washerwomen expected him in the courtyard after picking Arya in the Great Keep.

“Frenya, Holly, go with them,” Rowan said. “We will be along with Abel. Do not wait for us.” And with that, she whirled and plunged into the snow, toward the Great Hall. Willow and Myrtle hurried after her, cloaks snapping in the wind.
Madder and madder, thought Theon Greyjoy. Escape had seemed unlikely with all six of Abel’s women; with only two, it seemed impossible.

(Theon, ADwD)
Nevertheless, the escape plan did include Mance.
Rowan grasped Theon’s arm. “The bath. It must be now.”
He wrenched free of her touch. “By day? We will be seen.”
“The snow will hide us. Are you deaf? Bolton is sending forth his swords. We have to reach King Stannis before they do.”
“But ... Abel ...”
“Abel can fend for himself,” murmured Squirrel.
(Theon, ADwD)

It seems Mance had been arrested by Roose. But I do not see any sign that Abel has betrayed himself. Perhaps Squirrel was prescient when she said that he can fend for himself.

And we are left to wonder what was the sad, soft song.



The Winterfell Huis Clos